Clara Wieck Schumann and the Struggle for Equality in Nineteenth-Centur

Clara Wieck Schumann and the Struggle for Equality in Nineteenth-Century Germany The place of women before and during the nineteenth century is hale summarized by a Bavarian statute book, which states that by marriage, the wife comes under theauthority of the husband and the law allows him to chastise her moderately (Gay 177). These ideas are similarly echoed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of theCitizen and the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The former did not afford women any of the rights provided for men, such as liberty, property, resistance to oppression,voting, free speech, etc. the latter reasoned that because women were the weaker sex, they should not (and moreover could not) be a part of society outside of the family.Although dominated by her father in the early years of her life, the pianist and composer Clara Wieck Schumann broke through the societal barriers inhibiting womenssuccess and independence, forming a reputable and commendable career during a magazine when womens lives were predetermined by a male-dominated consciousness and society. An probe into the mindset of citizens in the nineteenth century and the obstacles every woman faced especially concentrating on Germany followedby a description of the life and musical career of Clara Schumann will create greater recognition of the upward battle she (and all women) faced at that time, as well as thenotability of her career as wife, mother, and musician.Before delving into the life of Clara Schumann, a description of the world surrounding her must be made in order to understand the magnitude of her accomplishments. Among the positive factors of this time were changes in society from the late eighteenth century, su... ...tita. Concerto The Glowing Story of Clara Schumann. New York The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1961.Moraze, Charles. The Triumph of the Middle Classes. Cleve land The World publication Company, 1966.Nauhaus, Gerd, ed. The Marriage Diaries of Robert & Clara Schuma nn. Boston northeasterly University Press, 1993.Reich, Nancy B. Clara Schumann The Artist and the Woman. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1985.Schumann, Clara Wieck. Secret Whispers Three Romances for violin and Piano. Kym Amps, Soprano Erica Deaaring, violin Joanna Borrett, cello David Carhart, piano. Meridian Records 1996.Susskind, Pamela. Clara Shumann. The New Grove Dictio nary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 16. London Macmillan Publishing Limited, 1980.Thompson, Oscar, ed. Clara Schumann. The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians. New York Dodd, Mead & Company, 1975.

Saving the Ballona Wetlands Essay -- California Nature Environmental E

Before development exploded in California, the state contained about 5 million acres of wetland habitat. Unfortunately, over the eld California has been willing to part with 91 percent of its wetlands, Southern California having lost 95 percent. Los Angeles County has only one wetland remaining. This being the Ballona Wetlands located between Marina del Rey and the Westchester bluffs, it was at once a major part of Californias natural wetland systems. Before development, Ballona wetlands natural habitat covered 2002 acres. This area, 800 to 1000 acres, referred to as Playa Vista by its owners is make up of salt marsh freshwater marsh and part upland and dune areas. It is considered Los Angeles largest wetland ecosystem. Although degraded over the years it still functions as a universal natural wetland - providing vital services. A major function it provides is that it filters out toxic wastes and pollutants from stormwater runoff before they reach the Santa Monica Bay. It is a coa stal plain, and acts as a discharge plain for the surrounding area (FOBW Information folder 1998 Fact Sheet). Ballona is an integral part of the Pacific flyaway, providing vital feeding and nesting habitat for over 185 species of birds, including some on the federal endangered species list. The southwestern willow flycatcher, an endangered species, was just recently seen by developers in an area cleared for construction. Ballona is no doubt a welcomed condom to all species, both flora and fauna, from the industrial landscape of Los Angeles. The Friends of Ballona Wetlands have said it is a spawning ground for commercial and sport fish, and a vital source of nutrients for the finished coastal marine environment (FOBW Information folder 1998 20 years of C... ...na Wetlands. http//eco.bio.lmu.edu/www.ballona/fbw.htm. 22 Jan. 98. Friends of Ballona Wetlands Information Folder. Friends of Ballona Wetlands 20 years of Commitment, Fact Sheet, Mission Statement Friends of Ballona Wetlan ds 1998. Helgeson, Rubell. Commentary. A Phony War to Save the Ballona Wetlands. Los Angeles Times 6 Dec. 1996 B10. Lynch, Glen. Interview. The Ballona Free Press. Westchester May. 1997 2. Tagawa, Rick. History of the Ballona Valley. The Ballona Free Press. Westchester Nov. 1997 2. Additional References not cited Ballona Land Trust Mission Statement http//www.life.net/wetlands/bmission.html lather To Protect Ballona Wetland Moves Forward http//www.house.gov/harman/flapgate.htm Protestors Target Spielberg, Lost World http//www.channel2000.com/news/stories/news-970520-202436.html

One Summer Night :: essays research papers

Remember the days when you were once a teenager? Their were so many decisions to makeand choices to choose from yet so many advantages. this instant can you remember all of the goodtimes that you had? Always hanging out with your friends, gossiping, having sleep overs,talking on the phone constantly, and all of the teachers whose class you dreaded. without delay I want you to imagine that it is the last day before summer break. Your parentsare taking a trip to Kentucky Lake with or so friends, so your stuck home all alone. Soyoure pondering what all you could manage to stir up. The question isnt what are you going to do its what arent you going to do. What would a normal teenager do on a basis like this. You would just have to be a stigma to nothave a society. I know a party never works out, your parents always got to find out nigh wayor another. But, maybe just this one time a teenager could actually out smart their allknowing all seeing, parents.Dont expire me wrong, I not completely a renegade teenager. I followed my parentsrules, for awhile. I watched a movie and fixed me some popcorn. But as far as friendscoming over, I didnt just bend the rule, I broke it completely in half.Most of my friends showed up, in all there were about thirty-two, including myself. Igot some cool jams, some strobe lights, a fog machine, a black light, and just a few moregad sits to play around with.Well, the party kicked off around 630. It didnt start off on a bad note and it began toheat up about 700. Half-way by the party, a fight broke out between Chad and Mike. Iwasnt going to break it up, as a matter of fact I purpose that the whole thing was hilarious. At every party something bad has always got to happen. It wasnt the fight whichbroke out it was the phone call afterwards. Let me testify you this, it wasnt the pizza boy wholost his way, its your mother checking up on her little baby boy.One Summer Night essays look papers Remember the days when you were once a teenager? Their were so many decisions to makeand choices to choose from yet so many advantages. Now can you remember all of the goodtimes that you had? Always hanging out with your friends, gossiping, having sleep overs,talking on the phone constantly, and all of the teachers whose class you dreaded.Now I want you to imagine that it is the last day before summer break. Your parentsare taking a trip to Kentucky Lake with some friends, so your stuck home all alone. Soyoure pondering what all you could manage to stir up. The question isnt what are you going to do its what arent you going to do. What would a normal teenager do on a basis like this. You would just have to be a befool to nothave a party. I know a party never works out, your parents always got to find out some wayor another. But, maybe just this one time a teenager could actually out smart their allknowing all seeing, parents.Dont get me wrong, I not completely a renegade teenager. I followed my parentsrules, for awhile . I watched a movie and fixed me some popcorn. But as far as friendscoming over, I didnt just bend the rule, I broke it completely in half.Most of my friends showed up, in all there were about thirty-two, including myself. Igot some cool jams, some strobe lights, a fog machine, a black light, and just a few moregadgets to play around with.Well, the party kicked off around 630. It didnt start off on a bad note and it began toheat up about 700. Half-way through with(predicate) the party, a fight broke out between Chad and Mike. Iwasnt going to break it up, as a matter of fact I theory that the whole thing was hilarious. At every party something bad has always got to happen. It wasnt the fight whichbroke out it was the phone call afterwards. Let me break you this, it wasnt the pizza boy wholost his way, its your mother checking up on her little baby boy.

Romanticism :: essays research papers

RomanticismRoughly from 1815 to 1910, this period of time is called the sentimentalististic period. At this period, all humanistic discipline ar transforming from classic arts by having greater emphasis on the qualities of remoteness and strangeness in essence. The influence of amatoryism in music particularly, has shown that romantic composers value the freedom of expression, movement, passion, and endless pursuit of the unattainable fantasy and imagination. The composers of the romantic period atomic number 18 in search of new subject matters, more randy and are more expressive of their feelings as they are not bounded by structural rules in classical music where order, equilibrium, control and perfection are deemed important (Dorak, 2000).The characteristics of romantic music are influenced by the Romantic Movement, where the arts of literature and painting play a great role in influencing romantic music. Other evidence of non-musical influences in romantic music is the po pularity of romantic poetry during that era. Poems, opera arias and works form great romantic poets are transformed into instrumental works and composers like Schubert uses musical elements such as melodies inspired by poetry in his works (http//absoluteastronomy.com). The musical language itself has shown that romantic music is unlike from the rest of the music before its time. Extended tonal and harmonic elements are noticed in romantic music compared to those in the classical era, where chromaticism, the usage of dissonance, and modulations are used extensively. Other societal practice during romanticism is the Romantic Opera. In comparison to the classical and baroque opera, romantic opera has a continuous go down of music in each scene and soon, people pay less attention to tenors and pays equal attention to choruses. To name a few of many composers for romantic operas, Wagner and Bizet are known for their works for romantic opera during the romantic era. Romantic music is al so influenced by folk music, tunes, rhythms and themes as many romantic composers wrote jingoistic music, which is inspired from folk dances and songs, during the romantic period (http//absoluteastronomy.com). Another factor that contributed to romantic music in defining its traits is the instrumentation.

The Titanic - Depth of the Heart of the Ocean Essay -- Movie Film Ess

The Titanic - Depth of the Heart of the Ocean Ahh, open your heart and soul to me, bloom, pleads Caledon Hockley of the young Rosein James Camerons call for, Titanic, just after he gives her a most expensive diamond. The actor Billy Zane plays Hockley as a callous, jaded, been-there-done-that sophisticate who seems to want her heart simply because he believes it is for sale and he has a right to it. His blindness to higher motives in love totally disqualifies him from being worthy of Rose DeWitt Bukater, play by Kate Winslet. But perhaps it is also the opaque nature of love itself that defeats him. This scene between Hockley and Rose is one of several ways in which Cameron develops the caprice of the closed heart and the effort to open it. The profound ocean, the massive ship, and the impenetrable muffin are elements of the setting that parallel and reinforce each other and Camerons theme. Throughout the plot, they are all alike unfathomable, indomitable, yielding to the maste ry of no mere mortal. As such, they capture the image of a persons heart being opaque, non easy to read or see through. The midnight blue color throughout suggests that the heart of love is as profound, deep and moving as the ocean itself. The gem drives the plot, then, and serves as the central symbol carrying the message. The elderly Rose narrates the story, casting the film in a flashback format. Sheasks a question about a gem named Le Coeur de la Mer, the French title for The Heart of the Ocean. It is this diamond that the modern salvage crew seeks at the start of the film. Their quest takes them to the wreck of the ship Titanic which sankon April 15, 1912, and wh... ...help for pain (577). Cameron echoed that sentiment in his acceptance speech when he said that love is the strongest force in the world. Anyone who engages it, then, will triumph to the extent that his or her faculty of character is as true, deep, and profound as the ocean itself. Sources CitedArnold, Ma tthew. Dover Beach. Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 4th ed. Eds. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, NJ assimilator Hall, 1995. 576-7. Cameron, James, Dir. Titanic. Perf. Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, 1997. ---. 55th Annual Golden Globe Awards. VH-1 -- 38, San Antonio.18 January 1998.---. The Making of Titanic. Oprah. KMOL -- 4, San Antonio. 20 January 1998. Clare Reviews Titanic. 1/11/98. 3/18/98. http//www.girlsonfilm.com/film/navigation

The Titanic - Depth of the Heart of the Ocean Essay -- Movie Film Ess

The Titanic - Depth of the Heart of the Ocean Ahh, open your heart to me, Rose, pleads Caledon Hockley of the young Rosein James Camerons film, Titanic, just after he gives her a most expensive diamond. The actor Billy Zane plays Hockley as a callous, jaded, been-there-done-that sophisticate who seems to want her heart simply because he believes it is for sale and he has a remedy to it. His blindness to higher motives in love totally disqualifies him from being worthy of Rose DeWitt Bukater, played by Kate Winslet. But perhaps it is also the opaque character of love itself that defeats him. This scene between Hockley and Rose is one of several ways in which Cameron develops the idea of the closed heart and the effort to open it. The profound ocean, the extensive ship, and the impenetrable gem are elements of the setting that parallel and reinforce each other and Camerons theme. Throughout the plot, they are all alike unfathomable, indomitable, yielding to the control of no mere mortal. As such, they capture the image of a persons heart being opaque, not easy to read or see through. The midnight blue affectation throughout suggests that the heart of love is as profound, deep and moving as the ocean itself. The gem drives the plot, then, and serves as the central symbol carrying the message. The elderly Rose narrates the story, moulding the film in a flashback format. Sheasks a question about a gem named Le Coeur de la Mer, the French title for The Heart of the Ocean. It is this diamond that the advanced(a) salvage crew seeks at the start of the film. Their quest takes them to the wreck of the ship Titanic which sankon April 15, 1912, and wh... ...help for pain (577). Cameron echoed that sentiment in his acceptance speech when he said that love is the strongest force in the world. Anyone who engages it, then, will triumph to the extent that his or her strength of character is as true, deep, and profound as the ocean itself. Sources CitedArnold, M atthew. capital of Delaware Beach. Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 4th ed. Eds. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 1995. 576-7. Cameron, James, Dir. Titanic. Perf. Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, 1997. ---. 55th annual Golden Globe Awards. VH-1 -- 38, San Antonio.18 January 1998.---. The Making of Titanic. Oprah. KMOL -- 4, San Antonio. 20 January 1998. Clare Reviews Titanic. 1/11/98. 3/18/98. http//www.girlsonfilm.com/film/navigation

A Learning Experience

Each individual in the general society has their own respective bread and butter course and experiences based upon the decisions they choose whenever faced a certain circumstance or an encounter with another human person. Each person react other than on these experiences as part of the individuality complex of the human nature.However, similar on all occasion, for each unrivaled individual can learn an great lesson from each of these encounter or circumstance which is essential to their personal development. If a person is willing enough and is open towards the nature of the experience, he or she can legal be enlighten from the moral significance of the event. Thus, through the actual experience of each person that he or she learns to develop and improve into a fall apart human person.On regards to this aspect, the write of this paper has also experience a certain circumstance from where he learned a valu adequate to(p) lesson that he still holds until the present. From this e xperience, the author of this paper has seen the set of time on which it only gives a single probability for an individual to succeed in a scenario for a moment.As the proverbs of wise ever so say, time is precious with worth as of gold. In the fiber of time, every second counts continuously passing by then never coming put up thus, it is important to give importance for each moment of it. Given this in an actual circumstance made the author of this paper realize the important value of each moment thus, learning never to waste another second of it.During the period of youth of subject of this experience, he was used to moments of having second opportunity wherein if one chance is wasted then another is given.This is a certain privilege that the author of this paper has always enjoyed through all of his experiences particularly in his learningal institution. Teachers and educational facilitators have always given this boy a privilege (or a handicap) due to various personal reaso ns such as family background, excellent employment through words, social mildew and others.It is as if the fate of opportunity landed upon the hands of this boy enabling him to manipulate time and chances for his own personal success. However, this has taught him a negative lesson on which he become used to this privilege. Indeed, the errors of his ways has struck back unexpectedly leading to a disastrous ending.A critical examination important for his overall educational performance has come and as always, this boy never paid much attention to it regardless of the time constraint it has for the preparation period. He regarded this task at its specific period to be insignificant because of his expectation for special exemption.However, beyond his knowledge, the administrator for the examination came from another institution on which he has not control over thus, negating his privileges. He was forced to have the tasks at its given period with any preparation at all.This disastrous encounter has reflected its influence upon the result affecting the course of his educational potential forcing him to step a level down. From this encounter he has learned that time indeed does not wonder special privileges, social influence and others. It views the public as equal under its power and control giving each individual a specific opportunity for each moment.However, the wheel of time has given the boy another opportunity in the form of a lesson, which was deeply engraved in his mind. From that moment, he has accomplished his mistake and give time the value it deserve through never wasting another moment of it.He focused his interest to what it important particularly his education and was able to succeed in his own course of life. From his experience, he has learned a valuable lesson, which he strongly holds in his track towards the future. Because of this change, he was able to succeed and share this lesson through the narration of this story to move others to give value to their own time and opportunity.

Kudler Fine Foods Innovations Essay

We wish to identify the internal and external drivers of purpose for Kudler ok Foods. We also wish to describe how innovation design and creative thinking might benefit the Kudler Fin foods in terms of meeting the cheekal objectives Kudler hunky-dory Foods is a special experience everyone should have. Kudler Fine Foods is an upscale specialty store. Their Mission statement says that our selections with the experienced, helpful, and knowledgeable staff merge to offer each customer a delightful and pleasing shopping experience. Kudler Fine Foods has to be continually innovative in order to differentiate themselves from other stores. They ar known for their very extensive domestic and imported wine heel along with other spirits, home baked breads in the old style European bakery, specialty meats and seafood are organic, and gourmet cheeses, irish butter and organic draw and finally the produce of over 350 vegetable, fruits and herb and spices.Kudler Fine Foods is founded by Kathy Kudler and the tone of the organization is based on her individualisedity and dedication of gourmet foods. The attitude of the organization is friendly and open. Many employees know each other because of there are only 3 stores in the San Diego area. They interact on a more personal and friendly level. Kudler not only offers a commitment to the customers but also with the organization itself. They do this through their strategic objective, expanding services and improving operations of efficiency. Kudler appears to be an informal organization by offering parties in the store to show customers how to prepare specialty foods. The culture is upscale and chic as is evident by their gourmet products which draws a high margin. They emphasize social networking with their gourmet products.Kudler strives to differentiate themselves from other markets by offering points for high end gifts, first class air hose upgrades and specialty products. Technology at Kudler Fine Foods is known becaus e of the implementation of the frequent shopper program. Information is easily gathered by this program about customer buying habits. This allows the company to give special attention to customers such as coupons and discounts. This also allows the company to determine what products should be ordered more often, where they should place the product in the store and how to mark the product better. Self checkout lanes allow the customer to bag and checkout their products without a cashier which cuts down on the labor approach saving the company some money.Kudlers Managers havemotivation, desire, and responsibility in their employees. The majority of employees at Kudler are satisfied and committed. Employees at Kudler worry recognition of their progress by receiving rewards and raises. Each employee meets with his or her management team on a daily basis to discuss goals and strengthen operations in their areas. This gives the employees a sense of contribution to the organization. Kudl ers has maintained an atmosphere where employees feel comfortable and appreciated. In comparison of other companies Kudler is doing quite well financially. Kudlers net revenues are showing tremendous growth. Kudler maintains a strong presence in the global marketplace.

Langston Hughes and Robert Frost as Role Models Essay

The Road Not Taken and Mother to Son are both(prenominal) parables meant to teach lessons already learned by the experienced narrators. They are meant to teach the lesson that life is precious and once a finis is do it cannot be taken back. Therefore, defecate decisions careful because they will steer the course of your life.Also, both metrical compositions are narrated by a single person, implying that the choices that they give up made and the hardships they have endured have been alone. This implies a strength and individuality from either narrator.Two roads persuaded in a wood, and I / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made on the whole the difference. Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken is a lyrical poem about the decisions that one must make in life. When a spell approaches a fork in the road on which he is traveling, he must choose which path to take. The choice that he makes, as with any choices made in life, attains him in a mood that has made all the difference. Thematically, the poem argues that no matter how small a decision is, that decision will affect a persons life forever.Frost uses the images presented in the poem in a very involved and general way. The paths and the fork no yearlong refer to their definitions, but instead as keywords in a description of life. Through the poem, Frost is defining life as a series of decisions. several(prenominal) of these decisions may, at the clock time, be thought of as insignificant, while others could be thought of as very significant. Frost argues that a decisions significance at the time is not really important, for any choice will change ones life. Every day, people, including the narrator of the poem, are presented with Two roads that diverge in a yellow wood. These roads are not concrete or physical, but rather represent choices. The fact that one road is sedgy and wanted wear while the other was commonly traversed shows the reader that some choices require one to choose som ething that is not commonly sought or to do something that is not commonly done. The total of these decisions leads people, like the reader, down a new path a path that the narrator himself created. The narrator sources to the realisation that every decision affects him when he saysTwo roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.The narrator also comes to the realization that once a choice is made, it is almost impossible to change that choice Oh, I kept the first for another day / Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back.Frost recognizes something that everyone should realize. The simple picture of a man deciding which path to follow is suddenly changed into a description of life by the mastery of Frosts poetic hand. No matter how small a decision appears to be at the time that it is made, that decision will affect a persons life forever, or as Frost puts it, each and every choice will mak e all the difference.Langston Hughes makes use of an extended metaphor, the staircase, in Mother to Son. There are a multitude of possibilities as to what lies at the top of the staircase. In the context of the timeframe that this poem was written, the top of the staircase may represent the goals of the blacks. This could, for example, be a successful life.The narrator in the poem is a grow. She describes to her son that no matter what obstacles come in her way, she keeps climbing the stairs. Tacks, splinters, and other obstructions impede her ascent, but she refuses to set down on the steps. The nuisances could represent instances of discrimination.To delve deeper into the metaphors used here, a tack on a staircase is an item that must be placed there by another party. The tacks placed in the mothers path could then be a specific oppressive incident performed by a white person. A splinter in the staircase is a negative by-product of thestaircase itself. Therefore, the mothers spl inters may have been the results of her actions upon her ongoing journey towards success. The mother also makes reference to boards torn up. If part of the staircase were torn up or missing, then that particular step must be skipped. One small step does not comprise an entire staircase, so it is not requisite to actively use each and every step to make it to the top. Some other parts of the stairs may not have carpeting on them. This would mean that if the mother fell, there is nothing to pad her fall, just the hard wood. Not only would it hurt to stumble and fall, knowing there is no course of safety net degrades ones sense of security.Despite the hardships that the mother faces, she keeps climbing towards her goal. She turns corners, unknowing of what might lie just beyond each bend. She continues on to where she is sometimes goin in the dark. She cannot see what might happen next, but her only two options are to go further or turn back.At this point, the mother advises her son, dont you turn back. Clearly, the only thing to do is remain on course up the stairs. She insists that he is not to deviate from walking up those steps. If he stops and settles in one spot, he will find out that it is much harder to continue from this point. Near the end of the poem, the mother is stressing to her son that it is arrogant that he strives to reach the top of the stairs, regardless of the difficulties. She has done the same and even to this point she continues to climb.The mother is faced with only the choices of succumbing to a difficult life or triumphing in it. The poem is clearly a testament to her perseverance in that she can tell her son what she has done and that she is still trudging up those stairs.In general, both poems show how there really is no such thing as fate and that making decisions will affect a person for the rest of their lives. In fact, these choices will help guide the course of their lives. They tell us that even if ones choice seems like the l ess likely one, someone else has probably already made this decision. They also tell us that every decision, even a small one, is important.

Benjamin Franklin Analysis

On Choosing a Mistress On Choosing a Mistress is a letter written by Benjamin Franklin to advise one of his close friends about choosing a mistress. In his 1745 letter, Franklin conveys that marriage is the only remedy for lustful inclinations, heretofore if the friend is determined to stray outside marriage,Franklinadvices, you should prefer old Women to young ones. Franklinoffers some basic, clean advice they are more knowledgeable, they are more discreet, they can non get pregnant, and then(prenominal) he gets down to more lascivious details.This letter was written by Benjamin Franklin long before he became president of the United States of America, Benjamin at the time was in the midst of his life. This document is unique because it was not intended for the public. The document suggests that Franklin still carried a sense of consciousness and morality, unlike what his critics say. The letter shows that Franklin was undoubtedly a really intelligent person with a sharp way of thinking. Franklin purges every prospect into effect in this letter this explains why he was palmy in life.The significance of this document comes in the occurrence that it is a personal letter rather than a document published for the public. This is extremely important in analyzing Benjamin Franklins personality accurately. Documents that are made for the public usually are written based upon what is accepted by the society, they tend to not include anything that may affect the writers reputation. It is clear that the society at the time in which the letter was written is different from todays society in many another(prenominal) ways. American society at the time was much more conservative than it is today.Sexual relationships outside of marriage were considered to be immoral and were shunned by the society. Franklin is wary about not having a person to make the mistake of being found of having an illegal relation or begetting an illegitimate child. The former point may a con duce of his own experience with his legitimate son William. . In his 6th and 7th point, Franklin puts into effect the guilt of ruining a virgin girls life. He hike upmore makes it clear that marriage is the most proper way to fulfill sexual desires. This explains that Franklin still has emphasis for morals and ethics.The conclusions about Franklins person put forward from this letter could in circumstance be used to foreshadow the decisions he made in his future, and how he calculated each decision by carefully studying all the negatives and positives. Supporters of Benjamin Franklin regard this letter in contrary with his critics. Supporters may argue that Franklin understood that not everyone was in the right particular to get married. They also argue that the point put out by this was only to be used as a last resort. Benjamins critics rather carry a conflicting opinion.These documents have used as means to demoralize Benjamin Franklin by his enemies. They claim that Benjamin w as in fact a whoremonger. Regardless of whos view is more accurate, this letter still demonstrates Franklins extraordinary intelligence in critical thinking and decision making. tercet Fables Franklin was never content with mere learned argument and syllogism in his campaigns in the press. In 1770, he had written and published three fables teaching the foolishness of punitive measures against the American colonies.These three fables portrayed Franklins stunning use of literature for propaganda purposes. These fables also resembled the oppressive measures taken by Britain through the numerous acts which were seen as a heavy burden by the colonists. Franklin portrays the colonies as the cows, the cat, and the lion, while portraying Britain as the farmer, the eagle, and the mastiff. Consequently in all three fables, the weak overcomes the strong, but only as a result of extreme oppression by the strong. These fables may be have been perceived as an in plow threat to the British in co mpound America.The fables were published during a time in which there was increasing tension between the colonists and the British. Franklin at the time was appointed as an agent of several colonies to the crown. His excogitate was to convince the king and the parliament to change their policies towards the American colonies. These fables further ascertain Franklins enormous talent in literature. Writing such precise and instructive stories in just a few sentences require a great author, Franklin has proven himself likewise.Franklin attempted to use these fables as political propaganda, as well as to draw support towards the American cause. By getting the English lords and decision makers to view it, Benjamin franklin wanted to make it clear that treating the American colonies as gold cows would certainly backfire. This document draws its significant mainly due to the foreshadowing of the American Revolution. Not many people would probably have taken this paternity seriously whe n it was first published, but some years later and with the beginning of the American Revolution, people would truly start to admire these fables.The British decision makers in which the fables were inscribed probably have showed little participation, that is clearly shown by the fact they continued to ignore the demands of the American colonies. Perhaps the nature of these fables prompted the British decision makers to further ignore the demands because they saw these fables as a challenge, and they wanted to show that they could face such challenges. Franklins has done an excellent job in summoning his literary skills for the American cause. The writing of the Three Fables was a symbolic warning to the English administration.Although the fables sounded threatening, the English parliament still didnt react seriously to the American demands. Benjamins writing was an early foreshadowing of the American Revolution. He has shown that he is then a true American nationalist. Rules by w hich A Great empire may Be Reduced to a depleted One After failing to secure support in England, Franklin resorted to political satire in order to declare the colonies grievances. In the 1770s, even after helping to defeat the Stamp Act and (later) the Townsend Acts, Franklin grew frustrated with the British leaders ignorance of America and condescending attitude toward the colonies.Franklin at the time was still an ambassador of several American colonies to Britain. He wrote more essays denouncing British policies towards America. RulesByWhich a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a excellent One was one of the most known of these essays. The essay was clearly deprecated by the British. Franklin argued that the settlers and their ancestors were the ones who have built and expanded the colonies. Benjamin Franklin has shown that he was a true patriot through this essay. Franklins essay was most likely received by widespread discontent by both the public and the authorities in England. The fact that the writing threatened that British colonies may start breaking away has caused many British nationalists to condemn and refuse Franklins ideas. Even some of the lords who held some bounty for the American cause pulled out their support after this essay was published. The King has probably received this with even wider discontent. It did not only make a direct threat to the kings authority, but the points within were more of an order than that of a request. That may have further prompted the British authorities to ignore the requests.Franklin also argued that the colonists and their ancestors are the ones who worked toilsome to bring the colonies to what they were at the time. Most colonials would have agreed with Franklins reasoning. Many of the American born colonists did not see any real connection with Britain. This shows the deepening instalment that was occurring between the American colonies and Britain at the time. Although the writing shows that Benjamin fr anklin would have preferred to prevent violent escalation between Britain and the American colonies, it was clear he put the interest of the American colonies first.Benjamin franklin has pointed out some great points in the document RulesByWhich a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One. His ideas which threatened that British colonies may did not sound appealing to people of Britain. This piece of writing also showed the widening rift between Britain and the American colonies. It was also made clear that Franklin put the interest of the American colonies as a priority. Although he sounded strict in some of his points, He has shown that he indeed does have what it takes to be a great leader.

Walmart Unethical Behavior

Ciara Vensel Principles of Management Individual Research Project Part VI 2/15/13 Wal-Mart, is one of the biggest tumefy realise companies in the United States and in the world since 1962 when founder Sam Walton created Wal-Mart. It has been the place where a lot of people usually do their shopping for the crushed prices and variety of products. This is why it is so controversial Wal-Mart continues to grow even with the accusations of unethical business practices.Wal-Mart has been accused of sexual disparity and unfair pay for employees, and destruction of olive-sized townships, excessive amounts of corporate personnel through the government and how Wal-Mart is turning into a monopoly. With all of these allegations, Wal-Mart is still one of the leading discount retailers in the country, and as a corporate office, they still stand tall and state that they follow fair ethical values. Walton was an entrepreneur with a vision that started his own partnership and made into the l oss leader of discount retailing like it is to solar day.Walton borrowed some money from his father-in-law and opened a variety store after serving as an Army captain in World War II. A chain of drugstores followed, Walton went into business with his br different and by 1960 the Waltons had 15 stores that were taking in $1. 4 million a year. However, Walton soon saw a new competitor arise, which was the discount store. The Walton brothers opened their first Wal-Mart in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Specializing in name brands at low prices, the chain of Wal-Mart stores sprang across inelegant America.Waltons management style was popular with employees and helped to spur growth. As the years past, the chain of stores grew sporadically. The sales grew to $26 billion by 1989. (Store Wars, www. pbs. org) However, as sales grew ethical standards displace through off the family. Wal-Marts poor labor practice consists of avoiding non-unionizing of all employees, low wages, expensive benefi t packages, and sexual discrimination. They insist on keeping full date employees to minimum to avoid handing out benefit packages and yet they are making employees work full time hours.There is dozens of wage and hour suits against Wal-Mart accusing the company and its managers of various illegal practices. Those included forcing employees to work unpaid off the clock, erasing hours from time cards, and preventing workers from taking lunch and other breaks that were promised by the company or guaranteed by the state laws. In 2008 Wal-Mart announced that they have agreed to pay between $352 million and $640 million to settle 63 wage and hour lawsuits filed against the retailer in 42 different states.The lawsuits accused the company of cheating hourly workers by forcing them to work through breaks and non paying them for overtime. (Wal-Mart to Settle Suits over Pay, NYTimes. com. ) Full-time employees are eligible for benefits, but the health insurance package is so expensive empl oyees pay 35 part which is almost double the national mean(a). (Store Wars, pbs. org) Wal-Mart is also the leading employer of mutation and different cultures in the United States and the majority of this is men.More than 125,000 Afri squeeze out Ameri elicits and more than 74,000 Latinos work at Wal-Mart nationwide. Two Latinos sit on the board of directors along with two women out of 15 board members. Only one woman serves as an executive officer of the company. Almost 2,000 women in 48 states claim that Wal-Mart discriminated against them for pay and promotions. The filings state women who evidence Wal-Mart systematically favors men for raises and promotions. (Wal-Mart Sex Discrimination Claims Filed by 2,000 Women, huffingtonpost. om) Wal-MartsLondon Kentucky Distribution Center denied jobs to female applicantsfrom 1998 through February 2005. Duringthat time, Wal-Mart regularly hired male door aimapplicants for the warehouse positions, but excluded female applicants who we reequally or better qualified. Wal-Mart regularly used sexuality stereotypes in filling entry-level golf club fillerpositions. Hiring officials toldapplicants that order filling positions were not suitable for women, and thatthey hired mainly 18 to 25 year old males for order filling positions.Excluding women from employment orexcluding them from certain positions because of gender violates Title VII ofthe Civil Rights Act of 1964. Wal-Mart ended paying $11. 7 million in back wages and compensatory damages to settle the sex discrimination lawsuit. (Wal-Mart to Pay More Than $11. 7 Million to Settle EEOC Sex Discrimination Suit, 2013) The amounts of unethical business practices that are evolving throughout the years regarding Wal-Mart really does amaze me how a business can be so disrespectful to their employees and still be the leading retailer in the world, and have millions of consumers.Wal-Marts employees for the first time in Wal-Mart history went on strike in the fall of 2012 . Wal-Mart workers across the countrycoordinateda Black Friday walkout in an effort to build awareness virtually the retailers low wages and poor working conditions. (CNN Host, Calls Out Wal-Mart Executive over Poverty Level Wages, 2013) Wal-Mart employs more people than any other company in the United States outside of the Federal government, yet the majority of its employees with children live below the poverty line. (Store Wars, www. bs. org) There was an interview conducted on CNN by soldiers Carol Costello with Wal-Marts Vice President of Communications David Tovar regarding the Black Friday walkout, when Tovar is confronted intimately these labor practices he is unsure of his answers. Currently in the United States, the poverty level is $15000 for a yearly income and a Wal-Mart employee is making an comely of $15350, Costello is arguing this level of income with Tovar because he claims that they provide more support for their employees and so the average retailer.She stat es, Is it Wal-Marts accountability to make sure that its employees can support a strong middle-class lifestyle? Tovars response is, Were working hard e rattling day to provide more opportunities for associates. (CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailers Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions ThinkProgress, 2013) Costello abruptly argues, But if a lot of them are making $15,000 a year, you cant live a strong middle-class lifestyle on that (CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailers Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions ThinkProgress, 2013) Tovar also tries to justify the average wage of a Wal-Mart employee by not giving a straight answer and showing how to help their employees by stating, Our average rate is about $12. 40 an hour for a full time associate. We also offer comprehensive benefit packages as low as $17 a pay period, which is real affordable and we also pay quarterly bonuses, which is something that not a lot of retailers do. In addition, we know that they ap preciate that. They also get a 10 percent discount card.So you have to factor in all of those things when youre looking for how were helping associates. (CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailers Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions ThinkProgress, 2013) In reality, he is just working his way around stating the obvious that employees are getting paid low wages for todays economy. Wal-Mart CEO Michael Duke has an average income of$18. 1 million it would take more than 700 employees salaries to match his total compensation package. Not only does Wal-Mart treat employees unfairly, but also it is unethical to the communities it develops in.It is certainly professedly that Wal-Mart has a tendency to crush competitors. The more successful Wal-Mart is, the more on that point will be bankruptcies of punyer businesses. According to the National Bureau of Economic look for its been proven that Wal-Mart has adverse effects on small town stores. They did a study on Wal-Mart store in Arkansas the employment results indicated that a Wal-Mart store opening reduces small town retail employment by about 150 workers, meaning that each Wal-Mart worker replaces approximately 1. 4 small town workers.This represents a 2. 7 percent reduction in average retail employment. The payroll results indicate that Wal-Mart store openings lead to declines in small town retail earnings of about $1. 4 million. (The Effects of Wal-Mart on Local Labor Markets, 2013) I myself come from a small town with a people of less than a 1000 people we are mainly a tourist town because we are located right next to Mille Lacs Lake, which means we are only seasonally making a profit. Whenever it is fishing season in our area is where we have the most profitable seasons.Coming from a small town, I know that it is very hard to keep small businesses going Wal-Mart thrives on making new establishments in these types of areas. This is very profitable for Wal-Mart but not for the communitys small business es this causes these family businesses that have been around for years to come to a screeching halt, because it is more convenient to get everything at Wal-Mart for a low price then go to each individual small business for different items. Without these small businesses, small towns like mine gradually disappear. How Wal-Mart is destroying America (and the world) and what you can do about it, Quinn, B) With that said Wal-Mart has taken over some many rural areas and they pay their employees at such low wages that Wal-Mart is increase in corporate power through the government and are becoming a monopoly. A monopoly is a situation in which a single company owns all or close to all of the market for a given type of product or service. Everywhere you go you see more and more Wal-Marts even if there in cities that is 10 minutes apart from each other.Especially with most Wal-Marts, now being super Wal-Marts there profit is immensely growing to fearful amounts. (Corporate Power, Wal-Mart and the Undermining of the Democratic Process Dollars Sense, http//dollarsandsense. org) With all the controversy surrounding Wal-Mart the corporate office still claims that they are an ethical company that favors their employees. There website has a statement of moral philosophy stating all of their policies are for the employees. They state to be a non-discriminative work place and that they offer fair wages.This is obviously something that is corrupt within their company because there would not be that many lawsuits and complaints about Wal-Marts business practices if they abided by their statement of ethics. They also claim that Wal-Mart builds small communities by offering more employment in the rural areas. The website states, Its our mission to create opportunities so people can live better. We consider it our responsibility to make a positive impact in the communities we serve.Whether it is through the grants we provide to the thousands of organizations that share our mis sion or through the inspiring volunteer efforts of Wal-Mart associates, we are passionate about helping people live better. 1 community at a time. (Wal-Mart Corporate Our Story, http//corporate. walmart. com/ourstory/) Companies like this that survive these major ethical issues are the ones that can spot the issues and correct them before they become a problem. In the case of Wal-Mart, it failed to acknowledge these potential problems and they are probably going to pay for it in the end.Wal-Marts unethical business practices have hurt its companys reputation. Although millions of people still shop at Wal-Mart knowing the rising allegations still many consumers have stopped shopping at Wal-Mart. This includes my mother who is very against shopping at Wal-Mart and will avoid if it is at all possible. If Wal-Mart wants to survive they will have to try harder to improve their image not only at the corporate level but also within in each individual establishment level.They need to sho w that they care about ethics by treating employees fairly, and the communities that are allowing Wal-Mart to establish their stores. As a result, it will attract good employees and consumers and keep this business thriving to its full potential. A company this large should restrain its faults to overcome any obstacles to obtain success. Bibliography Peled, M. (n. d. ). PBS Store-Wars The Story. PBS Public Broadcasting Service, Retrieved January 18th 2013, from http//www. pbs. org/itvs/storewars/story. html Greenhouse, S. 2008, December 23) Wal-Mart to Settle Suits over Pay NYtimes. com, the New York Times, breach News, World News Multimedia, Retrieved January 18th 2013, from http//www. nytimes. com/2008/12/24/business/24walmart. html? _r=0 Wal-Mart Corporate Our Story. (n. d. ). Wal-Mart Corporate We save people money so they can live better. Retrieved January 18, 2013, from http//corporate. walmart. com/ourstory/ Harrison, J. A. (n. d. ). Corporate Power, Wal-Mart and the Un dermining of the Democratic Process Dollars Sense.Dollars and Sense Real World Economics. Retrieved January 18, 2013, from http//dollarsandsense. org/archives/2011/0211harrison. html Quinn, B. (2000). How Wal-Mart is destroying America (and the world) and what you can do about it (Rev. updated. ed. ). Berkeley, Calif. Ten hotfoot Press. CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailers Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions ThinkProgress, 2013, http//thinkprogress. org/economy/2012/11/20/1221081/cnn-confronts-wal-mart-spokesperson-over-retailers-low-salaries-poor-working-conditions/Wal-Mart Sex Discrimination Claims Filed by 2,000 Women, 2013, http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/06/06/walmart-sex-discrimination-women-_n_1575859. html Wal-Mart To Pay More Than $11. 7 Million To Settle EEOC Sex Discrimination Suit. (n. d. ). EEOC Home Page. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http//www. eeoc. gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/3-1-10. cfm The Effects of Wal-Mart on Local Labor Markets. (n. d. ) . The National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http//www. nber. org/papers/w11782

Csr – Evaluation Methods

Clargonmont Colleges Scholarship Cl armont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2011 An Evaluation of bodily kind responsibleness Initiatives Implemented by Alcoa, Votorantim, and v on the whollyey as a Means to Aid in Poverty Alleviation in the brazil-nut treeian Regions These digging Companies Operate Emily A. Coleman Cl atomic number 18mont McKenna College Recommended Citation Coleman, Emily A. , An Evaluation of collective well-disposed state Initiatives Implemented by Alcoa, Votorantim, and valley as a Means to Aid in Poverty Alleviation in the Brazilian Regions These Mining Companies Operate (2011).CMC Senior Theses. Paper 198. http//scholarship. cl atomic number 18mont. edu/cmc_theses/198 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by emailprotected It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For to a greater extent than than(prenominal)(prenominal) in categoryation, please contact emailprotected cl atomic num ber 18mont. edu. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE AN EVALUATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES IMPLEMENTED BY ALCOA, VOTORANTIM, AND VALE AS A MEANS TO AID IN scantiness ALLEVIATION IN THE BRAZILIAN REGIONS THESE MINING COMPANIES OPERATE.SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR WILLIAM ASCHER AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY EMILY AIKO COLEMAN FOR SENIOR THESIS FALL 2010/ SPRING 2011 APRIL 25, 2011 Acknow takegements Thank you to my loving p arents who juted me passim my academic career from preschool to my degree at Claremont McKenna College. I would pay never made it with tabu you Thank you to my excellent professors who pick up challenged me to stretch outside my comfort berthition off in company to help me grow academically and personally. A special thank you to Professor William Ascher for his undying support and constant critiques.You made this process sweet and stress free. I truly appreciate your in semiprecious contri exclusivelyion to my Claremont McKenna College culture. Lastly, thank you to my friends, Career Services Center, Kravis Leadership Center, and the wonderful staff at Claremont McKenna College for your friendship and support through and throughout my college career. Table of Contents I. The manipulation of bodily Social Responsibility in International ontogenesis collective Social Responsibility Strategies corporeal Social Responsibility Implementation Techniques collective Social Responsibility Assessment Methods II.Historical Trends of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies Implemented by Corporations in Brazil Background Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazilian Business Culture Brazilian Government Social Policies Brazilian Government Environmental Policies Present State of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Modalities of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Corporate Social Responsibility in the Mining perseverance Challenges Faced By Mining Companies The Mining Industry in Brazil III.ALCOA in Juruti, Para Bauxite exploit and Shipping Port The Region Alcoas Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Civil Society boldness Partners Conflicts with the Local Community Evaluation of Alocas Corporate Social Responsibility Program and Impacts Analysis of Aloca Corporate Social Responsibility Table 1. Alcoa collective societal responsibleness programs and shams analysis IV.Votorantim in Niquelandia, Goias Nickel Mine and Processing Center The Region Votorantims Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Civil Society Organization Partners Conflicts and Community Challenges for Votorantim Program and Impacts Analysis of Vorotantims Corporate Social Responsibility Table 2. Votorantim in collectived fond indebtedness programs and impactions analysis V.Vale in Carajas, Para Iron Mine, Railroad, and Smelting Industry The Region Vales Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Civil Society Organization Partners Conflicts and Challenges at the Carajas Mine Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility Program and Impact Analysis of Vales Corporate Social Responsibility 1 6 10 14 19 19 19 23 25 26 30 33 34 36 38 38 38 40 42 44 45 48 49 52 52 52 54 56 57 59 60 62 62 63 65 67 68 69 70 Table 3. Vale merged affectionate business programs and impacts analysis VI.Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies Alcoa, Votorantim, and Vale Evaluation of the Data Collection Analysis of Alcoa, Votorantim, and Vales Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Degree of Monitoring and Evaluations Implemented by Alcoa, Vale, and Votorantim Can Companies Learn from Corporate Social Responsibility Experiences? VII. Assessment and Recommendations Considerations for Corporate Social Responsibility Development and Implementation Implementation of Evaluations Conclusion VII. Bibliography 65 73 73 74 84 87 89 90 94 99 100I. The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in International Development til now though by the piece year millions of pack in ontogenesis countries are travel out of pauperisation to join the emerging middle class, a large portion of the growth world still lives on less than $2 a day. Governments, non- arrangingal organizations, non- earnings, and smokes acknowledge this disparity and aim to address the issue using a variety of companys. Mineral extraction corporations, in particular, hand over the potential to play a signalize case in alleviating exiguity.These firms are eager to cumulate the increasing demands of the juvenilely developing global middle class by spreading their operations further most the globe. Their sprawling presence creates new opportunities to serve the world? s impoverished through merged companionate tariff initiatives. Today, galore(postnominal) of the problems seen in developing countries include inefficient di stribution of elections, poverty, poor standards of living, overpopulation, malnutrition, disease, lack of education, gender in equivalence, and political science corruption.Corporate friendly responsibility initiatives create new avenues to address these issues associated with developing nations. In the past 20 years, the private sector has been experiencing a paradigm shift from purely focusing on generating profits to to a fault contributing to the kind good. Today, courteous society pressures corporations to not only earn profits, but besides contribute to the purifyment of society. Corporate hearty responsibility initiatives are methods of how companies can go out run to society.The term is roughly defined as scotch, good, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point in judgment of conviction (Carroll and Buchholtz 2000, 35). Carroll and Buchholtz argue that for each one of these corporeal mixer responsibility compon ents must be met before the 1 subsequent component can be met (2000). Essentially, origines must out desexualize come across economic responsibilities which include, making profits, providing employees with safe and fair paying jobs, and providing customers with good quality products. More broadly speaking to be a functioning economic unit and stay in condescension.Secondly, businesses need to excite to their legal responsibilities. Meaning a business must obey the laws and follow industry norms. Since the government is viewed as an ex stress of society, the laws that the government enacts are well-disposed codes that must be met before any other kind responsibilities are pursued. The third step of embodied social responsibility is to address a business? s ethical responsibilities. Carroll defines this element as what is generally expected by society, above and beyond economic and legal requirements (1991).Society generally expects corporations to be just, fair, and to do wh at is right. Lastly, businesses will focus on corporeal social responsibility philanthropic initiatives. The Greek word philanthropy directly translated federal agency the love of the fellow human. Thus, philanthropic corporate social responsibility is how businesses can confirmatoryly contribute to the overall quality of life (Hennigfeld et al 2006, 8). Corporations are drive to insert in corporate social responsibility by a compilation of altruistic and utilitarian motives.The stronger and more integrated application of these motives precipitate richer, inundated relationships capable of producing higher determine for stakeholders on multiple levels (Austin 2004, 30-32). Altruistic components refer to a passion to help society. Utilitarian components refer to organization competitiveness. It is weighty to stigmatise that each factor does not represent a right or wrong corporate social responsibility method. There is not an innate tension between the two beca practise bot h are essential in the corporate social responsibility process. While it is important to serve the needs of the society, it is equally important to meet the legitimate needs of a corporation. (Austin 2004, 33). Davis and Blomstroms Iron Law of Responsibility suggests that in the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it (1975, 50). The most successful corporations must choose to intentionally and strategicalally become a part of the solution to complex issues today, in tell to preserve their businesses for the future.Michael Porter, well-kn consume for his work on competitive advantage, argues that if a corporate philanthropic activity does not draw a strategy base, it is a disadvantageous activity. Thus, point though companies gear corporate social responsibility towards an altruistic element, a utilitarian element must be present, as well. Porter attests that certain philanthropic givements will create a long-te rm competitive advantage for business, industries, and communities (2003). In some cases, companies are better equipped than governments to meet society? needs because they possess specialized skills and technologies that are pregnantly more efficient than government. Similarly, the bottom of the pyramid method aims to tap into the tight 4 billion person market in developing countries. When companies transform their products to meet the financial and imagination needs of this market they simultaneously accession positivity and contribute to reducing poverty. In addition, when companies contribute to social, economic, or environmental conjunction needs the company is investing in the region? s potential for business operations in the future.As a solvent, better the company? s competitive advantage compared to those companies who do not participate in equitable quality corporate social responsibility. 3 Adversaries of corporate social responsibility business strategy refute tha t corporations should play a role in philanthropic activities. Milton Friedman once manifest that the primary social responsibility of business is to make profits (Friedman, 1970). Within his argument, Friedman claims that only human beings are responsible for their actions and that corporations are not considered human beings.Therefore, corporations are not responsible for their business activities, but rather the individuals a part of the corporation must hold themselves responsible. Further, Friedman (1970) asserts that social issues should be the responsibility of the state, not business. This is because managers do not have the capacity to visit how to address society? s needs. This rests under government jurisdiction. Since legal restrictions on business activity are tick off in place by the government, who represents society, managers are obligated to totally act in the interest group of shareholders, as long as the mandatory legal role model is being met.According to F riedman, shareholder interest revolves around fulfilling the corporation? s central purpose profitability (1970). For managers to act otherwise, would be considered theft? from shareholders. Friedman does not deny that corporations participate in such corporate social responsibility activities, however he argues that any business action performed for corporate-interest should not be classified as corporate social responsibility (1970). If actions are grounded in a central goal to produce profit, then Friedman earths it should be not characterized as a corporate social responsibility activity.Either way, corporations are winning in corporate social responsibility activities, therefore, investigating the most efficient models provides valuable information to these entities. Deter mine which element causes the other, corporate social responsibility initiatives or profitability, is n archaeozoic impossible to prove because of the ambiguity between 4 each factor. There is, however, a positive(p) relationship (Porter and Kramer, 2002). So according to Carroll? four-level corporate social responsibility design, it is imperative that corporations take into paper social concerns because corporate social responsibility promotes profitability, which is the first requirement of his corporate social responsibility model. Corporations are attracted to corporate social responsibility activities because of the multi-tiered benefits for the community and the corporation itself. For example, by using a socially responsible business structure studies draw an increase in new consumers who are attracted to the company? s positive reputation.Further, companies who uphold social responsibility attract a higher quality workforce, which is even more committed to their corporation because of its perceived socially responsible heraldic bearing. Establishing a positive mutual relationship with the government is also an advantage for corporations. They gain more autonomy from and in fluence over legislation in order to promote their own business practices. Overall, corporate social responsibility represents short-term and long-term investments in the topical anaesthetic population, government, and thriftiness to secure a prosperous business in the future (Henningfeld 2006).Individual corporations participating in corporate social responsibility initiatives dictate their own strategies according to their industry norms, available corporate resources, and specific community needs. Some corporations commit to meeting the minimum governmental regulations. By doing this, corporations curb the most mankind press man concerns, but do not go beyond their legal obligation. On the other hand, corporate social responsibility could be employ to fulfill a philanthropic vision in which a corporation proactively and consistently contributes to society above and beyond the basic governmental requirements.Regardless of the differing corporate social responsibility 5 missi ons, each entity strategically formulates their corporate social responsibility agenda to, in some regard, meet the needs of the communities it affects. This agenda dictates how a corporation? s resources and secureise are administered. Discussed below are examples of methods in which corporations may construct corporate social responsibility initiatives. This information represents hypothetical strategies and possible results, not necessarily strategies proven to be most effective.Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies (1) Environmental Sustainability Environmental sustainability initiatives aim to provide an environment that meets the needs of those today, without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations, 1992). Since a wide range of people benefit from sustainable out growing and environmental activist groups strongly support these initiatives it is useful in influencing positive familiar opinion. In addition, corporations pr eserve future resources for their own business activities.The first step corporations take in pursuing environmental sustainability is to thoroughly query the environmental impacts of their operations. If corporations are producing negative environmental externalities, local anaesthetic anesthetic communities are inflicted with present and future environmental challenges. In response, corporate social responsibility resources are used to create proactive and retroactive sustainable business responses, techniques, and technologies in order to make out their direct environmental impacts. Further, environmental education and sustainable community information can be provided.This strategy places more responsibility on the local citizens to use their sustainability education to benefit their 6 own community. In theory, it creates a thirster lasting sustainable influence because community members can use their knowledge throughout their finished life clock cartridge clips and pass on sustainable traditions to future generations. (2) Anti-corruption/ Anti-bribery Multinational corporations direct in the developing world typically possess more influence over political, social, and economic issues than local community members.This is due to the fact that the corporations have pukka financial resources, connection with the government and knowledge about national legal issues. Despite this power disparity, it is in a corporation? s best interest to avoid engaging in corrupt activity. The news of questionable business operations eventually leaks out to the global community. Currently, international business etiquette disapproves of corrupt port and views it as immoral. A company that participates in corrupt activities negatively impacts its reputation, thus, diminishing shareholder confidence and ultimately decreasing overall business value.To avoid this, a corporation should adopt anticorruption and anti-bribery corporate social responsibility strategies. When a corporation refuses to busy in dishonest activities, it reflects positively on corporate operations and adds to a just political climate (Stewart 2009). In addition, a contribution to a smooth running government benefits corporations because they can operate with few governmental interventions and also save money by avoiding bribes. 7 (3) Local Economic Development Corporations may choose to invest in local economic development.As a method to spur business growth corporations provide microfinance loans to local start-up or small businesses in spite of appearance the community. Business circumspection courses that extend knowledge concerning entrepreneurship and sustainable business are another beneficial corporate social responsibility economic development alternative (Stewart 2009). In addition, contribution to infrastructure such as roads, ports, and city centers are beneficial for local trade because goods can be more efficiently transferred over a broader region. 4) Educat ion and Training If a corporation employs people from the local community, it is necessary that these people are trained adequately. Education integration into business operations is imperative for social development (Nelson 2006). Corporate social responsibility pore on educational development helps people become more self-sufficient by teaching them skills that will attribute to being more productive members of society. This lineament of corporate social responsibility strategy, creates valuable human capital. Corporations could choose to focus on primarily employee training or choose to extend dos to the entire community.The latter would consist of supporting primary to tertiary schools in order to invest in local human capital for potential future employees. The locally run corporations will be more efficient with trained and educated employees who gain business and operations skills. 8 (5) Health and Wellness Access to wellness care function attributes to healthier commun ity members, therefore extending a person? s work life and improving productivity. Business works best when direct in stable and secure societies, (Plugge 2004) in which a healthy workforce plays an important role.Corporate social responsibility health and wellness strategies may include education about basic hygiene, nutrition, and sanitation. Corporations who open access to basic medicines reduce the risk of many common illnesses that could be avoided or significantly reduced. All of these benefits contribute to stronger, healthier, and more productive employees. (6) Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Evidence shows that empowering women contributes to positive socio-economic development within communities in developing countries (Malhorta et al 2002, 33).Female leadinghip programs, increase corporate business of women, provide microfinance loans for female entrepreneurs, and establish strict sexual harassment corporate policies are all possible corporate social responsibil ity gender equality initiatives (Plugge 2004, 6). By empowering women, more people are added to the work force, more businesses are developed, and familial relationships are more equalized. As a result, the community becomes increasingly competitive. (7) Employee Volunteerism passing qualified professionals immigrate into local developing communities when a large business opens.These people have get under ones skind ample training and are intellectually 9 qualified to operate a business on multiple levels. Using employee volunteerism within the local community is another example of a beneficial corporate social responsibility strategy. Depending on each employee? s skill set, corporate volunteers serve the community by improving local business strategies, infrastructure, education system, and normal military services. Studies have shown that employees desire a sense of self-worth and a belief that their work provides value to the community, rather than solely receiving high sala ries (Shayon et al 1975, 2).Employee volunteerism fulfills this desire for importance in corporate work. When employees participate in volunteer work they also gain and perfect skills that will be more effective within corporate operations. Hence, this corporate social responsibility technique breaks employee morale, provides needed services to the community, and advances employee skills. Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation Techniques Corporations choose from a variety of run throughation techniques in order to maximize the positive effects of each corporate social responsibility strategy within communities.Specific techniques are aimed at mobilizing not only money, but also the company? s people, products, and premises to help support and strengthen local communities and non-profit partners (Nelson 2006, 7). Discussed below are examples of corporate social responsibility implementation techniques that multinational corporations invest in. 10 (1) Philanthropic Cash Dona tions The philanthropic corporate donation phenomenon began in the United States during the 20th century with business leaders such as Rockefeller, Mellon, Ford, Gates, Kellogg, and Packard.This persona of relationship is based upon responses to non-profit requests for donations with simple check-writing, rather than a deeper interaction with charitable organizations. Interactions between corporations and non-profits are usually precious, with low engagement, and do not apply strategic planning. The basis for this implementation technique is to promote company image in a way that consumers and stakeholders perceive a compassionate and responsible institution. On the flipside, nonprofits receive the necessary funding to importanttain service operations (Austin 2004, 4). 2) Independent Service Provider Less commonly pursued, corporations may choose to develop an in-house philanthropic service department to carry out their corporate social responsibility strategies. This department would act as the worry team for the creation and implementation of corporate social responsibility strategies autonomous from non-profits, non-governmental organizations or the government. Nonetheless, consultation from these service organizations and the government occurs because of their specialized understanding of philanthropic initiatives which the corporation does not possess.Employee volunteerism would be the most common resource used within this implementation technique because it is one of the most accessible assets the company holds. 11 Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investments represent another form of independent service provider implementation technique that corporations autonomously develop. This technique involves a firm using its resources and know-how to alleviate a particular instance of human tribulation (Dunfee Hess 2000, 95). Corporations with specific niches in a development sector best optimize this technique.For example, the pharmaceutical company, Merck, held the patent to the drug that controlled river blindness. Hence, Merck was the only entity that could distribute this drug independently to developing communities for a reduced price. (3) Partnerships Corporate and social sector confederacys resemble a joint-venture relationship in order to achieve common philanthropic goals central to the mission of each institution. Within the partnership each organization shares its resources equally and frequently communicates about specific initiatives.In addition, the managerial complexity required within a partnership typically precipitates a separate department to directly manage and implement the bilateral exchanges (Austin 2004, 4-5). In contrast to the previous implementation techniques, corporations acting in a partnership focus on specific initiatives and programs. For example, cause-marketing, project development, and synchronization of strategies are all activities involved within corporate and non-profit partnerships. Multination al corporations play an additional role in partnership corporate social responsibility implementation.Specifically, multinational corporations frequently participate in cross-sector partnerships because most have a mission to engage with the local community. Not only do corporations transfer technology and economic 12 development, but also their values and social policies (Austin 2004, 35). This adds another level of influence within the partnership. Methods of how corporations establish partnerships include social networking, past relationships, connections through acquaintances, related institutions or an affiliation with a specific cause.Typically in developing countries partnerships are with reputable non-profits or non-governmental organizations. Corporations partner with mostly traditional institutions because of their established reliability and proven success. In more progressive developing countries relationships could be developed with local service organizations, but in m ore underdeveloped countries multinational western based service organizations are used. A partnership acts as a form of risk-management for both the corporation and non-profit organization.Corporations utilize a partnership as an effective tool to address incurred harm to the community from business activities or as a resource to close future issues (Austin 2004, 34). Specifically in industries that produce negative externalities, a preventative alliance with a non-profit that specializes in neutralizing harmful business activities is highly advantageous. Businesses cut-costs, repair public image, and engage with the local community with an established partnership. Moreover, when a corporation partners with the government or provides a service to society, both parties create a win-win relationship (Steward 2009, 18).The government gains from the economic development, material wealthiness, and jobs that corporations provide. Corporations benefit from government investment in infr astructure and legal protections. In addition, the government determines laws and regulations that a corporation must abide by. Thus, positive and reliable partnerships would influence the government to be more willing to 13 responsive to accommodating corporate needs. Governments are better off because corporations create an increase in GDP, provide jobs to local citizens and contribute to national development.Non-profits and non-governmental organizations further gain from partnering with corporations. Funding diversification and reducing dependence on public resources are the main examples of how these organizations reduce their business risks. Corporations provide a secure source of funding despite possible government fluctuations in monetary support. For example, if a non-profit organization relies solely on government funding and there is a change in government leadership, budgeting, or policy that reduces funding to the non-profit, the organization would be at-risk of losing many resources.By partnering with corporations, non-profits and non-governmental organizations reduce their financial risk and gain valuable business strategy consultation. Corporate Social Responsibility Assessment Methods The evaluation of corporate social responsibility initiatives is extremely important for organizational analysis and public awareness. Documenting corporate social responsibility investments may influence corporations to be more accountable and take more willpower over their activities because it will be appraised by corporate and public experts.Firms use a variety of corporate social responsibility assessment methods in order to internally assess and externally report their corporate social responsibility investments. Reporting assessments may be an important and efficient way to communicate corporate social responsibility investments and achievements with academia, the financial community, government, policy makers, regulators, interest 14 groups, non-governme ntal organizations, general public, the local community, employees, shareholders, and the industry (Tilt 1994).Jason Saul (2009) believes that at the end of the day we have to display value, and the way we demonstrate value to business, and to society, is by speaking the language of the businessby speaking the language of broadsidement. Therefore, he argues that quantitative analysis of corporate social responsibility initiatives and reporting is a key component of corporate social responsibility management. In addition, if companies choose to use the internet and their websites to disseminate their social and environmental activities they have the potential to increase their transparency.This is an advantageous mode of communication because of its wide accessibility, low-costs, and ability to easily create in-depth or interactive tools (Line et al, 2002). The information gathered from expert audits, annual reports, corporate social disclosure reports, environmental sustainabilit y reports and corporate assessments can be used to assess the efficiencies and short comings of corporate social responsibility initiatives. of the essence(p) factors to consider are generally firm transparency, corporate governance, code of conduct, corporate social disclosure, social mpacts, community relationships, product quality, and stewardship (Szablowski 2006, 49). Thomas Haynes (1999) further recommends all companies measure four critical areas of corporate social responsibility 1) economic function, 2) quality of life, 3) social investment, and 4) problem-solving. However, Harold D. Lasswell would consider these four critical areas uncompleted because it does not take into account the evaluation of corporate social responsibility investments and policies according to the appraisal results. The corporate social responsibility goals must be specific and clear in order for the evaluations to be 15 ffectively implemented to improve corporate social responsibility programs an d investments or to propose alternatives. In the past ten-spot, corporate social disclosure reports are being more commonly used. These reports consist of voluntary and mandatory accounting of community issues above purely economic activities, such as human resources, community involvement, energy, product safety, environmental issues). The Corporate Citizenship keep company, an international corporate responsibility and sustainability consulting firm, uses seven categories to assess the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility activities.Assessment Factors by Corporate Citizenship Company (Yakovleva 2005, 23) 1) Shareholders a. Return on investment b. Corporate governance 2) Employees a. Salary and Benefits b. Health and safety c. Training and staff development d. Diversity e. Communications 3) Consumers a. Price/ value b. Quality of product c. Advertising policy 4) Business partners a. Jobs sustained b. Payment of bills c. Technology transfer 5) Government a. Tax contrib ution b. Local economic impact c. Transfer pricing policies 6) Community a. Charity contributions b.Local economic impact c. Transfer pricing policies 7) Environment a. Sustainable raw materials 16 b. Emissions to water and air c. naught efficiency d. Waste management e. Reduced packaging f. Consumer education In partnership with the Corporate Citizenship Company, the London Benchmarking Group analyzes corporate social responsibility investments and gives each program and service quantitative value. The LBG was founded in 1994 and consists of over 100 companies dedicated to measuring Corporate Community Investment. Hundreds of companies round the world use the LBG method to quantitatively value corporate social responsibility activities. Monetary values are applied to 5 variations of business activities 1) business basics, 2) mandatory contributions, 3) commercial initiatives in the community, 4) community investment, and 5) charitable gifts. These varying business activities allow corporations to classify a monetary value to a company? s corporate social responsibility inputs including cash, time, in-kind, and management costs (Measure for Measure, 2004).The companies also assess their corporate social responsibility outputs and impacts in order to equate the net gains of corporate social responsibility investment. For example, new availability of cash or other resource, quantity of people aided, and business benefits represent measurable outputs. Assessment tools have the potential to be extremely valuable in corporate social responsibility strategies. Companies should be evaluating the performance of their corporate social responsibility investments to gain further intelligence about how to efficiently improve the use of their corporate resources.However, currently corporations are not required by law to report their corporate social responsibility activities. Those that do report use different methodologies, creating inconsistencies in appraisals techniqu es. 17 Some models that companies are presently using could be omitting crucial key factors in corporate social responsibility efficiencies, thus, providing incomplete information. A comprehensive corporate social responsibility evaluation model needs to be established in order to effectively assess and improve corporate social responsibility activities. 8 II. Historical Trends of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies Implemented by Corporations in Brazil Background Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Throughout Brazilian history, philanthropic and charitable donations were significantly represented in the nation? s culture. Since the colonial period, the Catholic church has inspired the establishment of many cultivated society organizations that carry out needed services for society. This movement grew during the industrial enterprise period and gained substantial public support.During military machine rule, elegant society organizations diminished in quantity beca use of the extremely centralized government. By the democratization period during the late 1980s until present, more and more corporations have adopted corporate social responsibility initiatives, thus, influencing a shift in Brazilian business culture. Brazilian society remains highly centered around philanthropic concerns, which is made evident through a study cited by Cappellin and Giuliani. In 2000, 70 portion of the adult population donated goods and money to social organizations or people in need (2004).Understanding the historical trends of the evolution from philanthropy to corporate social responsibility strategies will provide more insight into the analysis of mining company corporate social responsibility and how it could be most effectively implemented. Brazilian colonial development was originally based upon an agricultural slave economy under an authoritarian and centralized government. The rural? s colonial origins also influenced the predominance of the Catholic Ch urch in Brazilian society. The state collaborated heavily with the Church.Responsible for public services including education, health and social welfare, the Church played an important role in connecting 19 the state to its people. After the separation of Church and state in 1891, the Church continued to invest in schools, hospitals and charitable works (Landim 1998, 68). During this period, popular Catholicism inspired the establishment of the first societal associations, including the most notable Brotherhoods of Mercy. These endeavors were sponsored by the business elites, who helped in establishing a philanthropic cultural norm among many wealthy citizens.These associations were used for worship, as well as creating some of the first hospitals, homes and psychiatric hospitals (Landim 1998, 67). Corporations did not notably donate to philanthropic associations, but business leaders contributed individually. The state managed Brazilian society in a hierarchical fashion that main tained power and wealth within exclusive authoritarian elite. For example, societal changes generated by industrialization in the late nineteenth century were managed using agreements between the dominant allele elites (Landim 1998, 64).Under governance, the Brazilian rich became relatively richer while the poor became relatively poorer. This disparity is evident to this day. During the industrialization period between 1822 and 1930, the government established associations to provide services and resources to the unemployed as a strategy to attract foreign workers. Trade unions gained momentum during this period, as well. Thus, businesses were forced to deal with employee rights and services in order to submit with the trade unions.James Austin notes that if corporate social responsibility was implemented, it only extend to corporate employees (Austin 2004, 29) during the industrialization period. Military governments controlled the state from 1964-1985. They prioritized economic g rowth through expanding its industrialization system to diversify from the 20 previous mono-culture agriculture of sugar, rubber, coca, and coffee (Schroy 2006). In the mid-twentieth century the military government instigated anti-inflation policies and invested in economic infrastructure industry, transportation, and power, but helplessness in essential reform of public education (Evanson 2002).In addition, this period also marked the suppression of social organizations and social movements. The state controlled all social initiatives from education, to social security and health care. Consequently, the evolution of corporate philanthropy into Brazilian business strategy became extremely limited. However, the Brazilian non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations and non-profits that did operate during the period of military rule were given minimal supported by the government, so some organizations turned to corporations as a source of resources and funding.This pro cess led to significant alterations to how Brazilian social organizations strategized their operating models (Austin 2004, 207). Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazilian Business Culture In Brazil, like elsewhere, companies are being challenged to better strategize their corporate social responsibility resources in order to become a part of the shifting paradigm that businesses should implement corporate social responsibility initiatives in their development. A survey conducted by Instituto Ethos (2002), a Brazilian corporate social responsibility on-profit organization founded in 1998, reveals that Brazilian consumers expect ethical behavior from companies. It is no long-life acceptable for a corporation to produce negative externalities without engaging in activities to recuperate and compensate those who are affected. On the other hand, Brazilian consumers seek out 21 companies that operate sustainably, collaborate with the community, and provide quality working conditions ( Instituto Ethos 2002). Corporations increasingly devote more resources to their corporate social responsibility initiatives as a result of public pressure and evolving business missions.In the 1990s, an increase in civil society organizations occurred because of the changing economy and collaboration of business leaders. Liberalizing the Brazilian economy presented many challenges due to over 25 years of strictly regulated military rule. After eradicating most trade barriers, local Brazilian businesses were faced with intense international competition that nearly suffocated local businesses. This created an extremely unfavorable economy for corporate dedication to factors outside of direct business activities, such as corporate social responsibility.Instead, business leaders personally founded third-sector organizations in order to influence legislation and public opinion regarding issues they were most passionate about. For example, a group of business people who all had a missio n to mobilize, encourage, and help companies manage their business in a socially responsible way, established Instituto Ethos. Once the Brazilian economy began to recover in the mid-1990s, businesses slowly started engaging in corporate social responsibility initiatives once again, first with charitable giving (Austin, 2004) to many of the newly established third-sector organizations.The increase in research, academic studies, dissemination pieces, and broad media communication about corporate responsibility initiatives has further influenced businesses to participate in corporate social responsibility activities. The stronger spotlight on this shifting business paradigm further increases awareness and promotes widespread expectation of corporate social responsibility investment. 22 Brazilian Government Social Policies During the early part of the twentieth century, civil society organizations rapidly gained a strong presence within Brazilian culture.In 1938, the Decree-Law was enac ted establishing the Conselho Nacional de Servico Social (National Social Service Council or CNSS) a linkage institution between the state and public sector. The institution? s main duties included implementing and assessing aid to the poor and determine which nonprofits should receive government funding. In addition, the Legiao Brasileira de Assistencia (Brazilian Legion of Assistance or LBA) was established to serve the needs of the noticeably vulnerable portions of the population, for example, young children, pregnant women, and the elderly.These services were carried out with the partnership of social or church organizations. These departments of state maintained a social network within the government and society that set a precedent for subsequent social presidential term and Brazilian culture. The military acted as a highly centralized functioning government from 1964 to 1988. Under military rule, the government directly controlled the economy, national development, and socia l service agencies. The military focused on rapid economic growth and expansion creating the Brazilian Economic Miracle. From 1964-1972, Brazil experienced an average of 10% GDP growth (Schroy 2006). Despite its economic achievements, Brazil neglected education and health care reform leaving a significant portion of the population in poverty (Evanson 2002). By the end of military rule, the economic disparities between the rich and poor were epic creating the societal need for poverty assistance. 23 The current democratic government and constitution were founded in 1988 after the military relinquished governing power. In light of the experience under the military governments, the 1988 constitution directly protects Brazilian civil rights.It is best known as the Citizen Constitution due to the state? s commitment to enhancing social policies and defending human rights (Austin 2004, 210). This philosophy aids in developing and maintaining civil society organizations that contribute to reducing poverty, improving health care and education, and protecting the environment. Government regulation of business also reflects the protection of civil rights. For example, in 1995 the Environmental Crime Law was enacted to give citizens the right to sue business executives in court if they do not comply ith health, environmental, or safety standards (Cardoso 2003). To understand the remaining needs and opportunities for corporate social responsibility contributions, it is important to understand existing social policies. Currently, the Brazilian government actively implements social service programs for poverty alleviation and social safety protection. The government of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva established the Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate a Fome (Social Development and Fight Against smart Ministry or MDS) in 2004.This ministry enacted Assistencia Social (Social Assistance), Bolsa Familia (Family Bag), Seguranca Alimentar e Hutricional (Food and Nutrition Security), Inclusao Produtiva (Production Inclusion), and Avaliacao e Gestao oa Informacao (Information Management and Evaluation) all aimed at elevating poverty and promoting human development (Desenvolvimento Social, 2010). As a result, Brazil? s poverty rate declined by 20 percent during the 1990s (Cardoso 2003). Bolsa Familia was created in 2003 as a 24 ethod to reduce short-term poverty and chip long-term poverty by requiring children to attend school and become vaccinated. Currently, the program provides 11 million families with US$44 a month (Casanova 2009, 141). The past decade has shown even more social improvements. The World Bank justifies that living on less than US$1. 25 equates to living in poverty. In 2003, 22. 9 percent of the Brazilian population was impoverished, but by 2009 only 10 percent of the population was impoverished (Santos 2010). It is important to note that there are still many weaknesses within the social system. 3 percent of the active work ing population does not qualify for unemployment or social insurance, leaving them at risk against sickness, accidents or maternity leave. At the same time, 20. 3 percent of children are still living in poverty (Santos 2010). Overall though, the system as a whole has been effective in reducing poverty. Brazilian Government Environmental Policies The government has a formal commitment to sustainable development in addition to improving civil society. For instance, the Brazilian Environmental Protection and Licensing Plan requires corporations to receive a Previous License? Installation License? , and Operation License?. At each stage, environmental risk assessments must be completed by the company and approved by the environmental government agency, Insituto Brazileiro do Meio Ambiental (IBAMA 2010). At any time in the application process, the Brazilian government has the right to halt construction. Government regulations appear to be strict however, past precedent shows that the gov ernment encourages profitable resource extraction industries, such as mining. Mineral exports are a robust commodity for Brazil contributing to GDP and tax revenue for the quickly 25 eveloping nation. Therefore, the government reduces regulation and loosens its monitoring system in order to promote rapid resource extraction and increase national revenue. At the same time of the increasing expansion of the mining industry, the International Council of Minerals and Metals, consisting of 19 robust multinational mining corporations, have set in place environmental and social commitments in an attempt to preserve environmental and social rights. Each mining project must receive a Social License to Operate from the International Council of Minerals and Metals.This requires acquiesce by the local community through negotiations and written agreement of how the community will regulate mining activities. The firm is obligated to administer an environmental impact assessment to pinpoint poten tially hazardous affects on the environment and how it plans to rehabilitate any degraded environments. However, the International Council of Minerals and Metals does not regulate corporate social responsibility initiatives. Companies themselves are responsible for implementation and assessment.Present State of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Instituto Ethos, Brazil? s prominent social change non-profit organization, reports that more than half of Brazilian companies implement social policies (2010). Public opinion continues to promote a shift in corporate culture to develop solutions to some of the country? s toughest problems such as, environmental degradation, poverty, and health care. The vast inequalities within Brazilian society have become a hot topic among international development organizations. For example, even though Brazil? s economy is 26 anked as the eighth largest economy in the world (IMF 2010), 50 million people are living on less than US$30 a month. Glob ally, Brazil is ranked 4th to last in income distribution and 73rd on the Human Development Index (Austin 2004, 215). This wealth disparity highlights the elongated potential corporate social responsibility initiatives could have upon the disadvantaged populations. Corporations operating in Brazil view corporate social responsibility as a tool to restore trust among the public by serving those who suffer from the unequal distribution of national wealth originally initiated by some of these corporations.SustainAbility ViceChairman Geoff Lye reasons that if business leaders can make a difference but choose not to, they will live to atone the disruptive social, environmental, and economic consequences that will result from failing to achieve development goals (Lye 2006). Purely focusing on firm profitability is not enough now. A corporation? s culture, impact, and global image play an imperative role in Brazilian business activity. Businesses that do, however, chose to participate in corporate social responsibility initiatives usually focus on issues that have relevance to their own business activities.For instance, Roberta Mokrejs Paro and Claudio Bruzzi Boechat (2008) researched business priorities and corporate social responsibility initiatives of 30 Brazilian companies. The study reveal that corporations prefer corporate social responsibility activities that are important for business activities. For example, the top four corporate social responsibility initiatives among the participants are in the energy, water, education, and environmental sectors. These were also the top four sectors for the implementation of business activities (Paro 2008, 539). 7 The Brazilian government heavily promotes corporate social responsibility activities, as well as, implements extensive corporate regulations in order to protect its environmental, social, and economic identities. Even though some business philosophies behind corporate social responsibility activities appear t o be clearly defined and structured, often the reality is a different scenario. Emilio Klein a researcher at the International Labor Organization remarks about corporate social responsibility in Brazil Hopkins 2007, 177) in that country e realthing is there on paper, perfectly neat and rational. But when you check the reality then things are very different. I would say that roughly in Latin American large corporations, and almost all enterprises, lack something that is essential in the background of your definition fairness. They are unfair with their stakeholders, both inside and outside, and they can be so because they have all the power, including of course the government. If you add to that their short-term perspective, then you get what we get in Brazil.Employees, customers, purveyors or whatever, are being squeezed and pushed around by business, particularly those related to basic services (privatized), financial services and commerce. Even though the Brazilian government has set into place complex social and environmental protection laws, the enforcement and regulation of these principles are extremely limited. Therefore, businesses easily take advantage of local communities by out maneuvering them through economic and political avenues. As a result, businesses typically operate according to their own motives, not the governmental guidelines.Instituto Ethos uses strategies such as expanding the corporate social responsibility movement, deepen corporate social responsibility practices, creating a more favorable business environment for corporate social responsibility, and articulating corporate social responsibility within public policies to achieve their mission. Currently, this Brazilian corporate social responsibility organization has 907 member companies 28 who combined employ about 1. 2 million people and contribute to about 30 percent of GDP. Business represents one of the most powerful groups in Brazilian society.Therefore, it is pivotal that this sector engages in corporate social responsibility activities to achieve development success. In 1999, the UN Secretary General launched the Global Compact Program. This aims to coordinate business and corporate responsibility initiatives. Instituto Ethos organized a gathering of over 107 companies to develop guidelines for Brazilian companies to participate in this Program. Fourteen principles were created 1) Indivisibility of rights (all human rights must be considered as a whole) 2) Meeting employee human rights should be viewed as positive and productive for business 3) Companies are leading agents for hange because of their large presence in society, 4) Possible new labor relations could be developed 5) deny child labor 6) Implement multiple intervention corporate social responsibility programs 7) Business participation in policy development for long-term commitment 8) Promote women rights 9) Environmental protection 10) Exchange knowledge and methodologies 11) Increase inter action with UN agencies 12) Pro-active thinking 13) Create methods for discussion 14) Monitor Global Compact indicators 29These goals represent key factors that Brazilian companies could address while constructing their corporate social responsibility initiatives. Because of the scope of corporate social responsibility options is broad, the presence of corporate social responsibility and corporate social conscience create a favorable environment for further promoting corporate social responsibility into businesses not yet participating. Modalities of Corporate Social Responsibility in Brazil Within the Brazilian corporate social responsibility environment, corporations most commonly participate in civil society partnerships.A study conducted by James Austin (2004, 215) shows that of the 385 companies that participated, 85 percent rely on some variation of alliances with civil society organizations to implement social responsibility strategies. Of this group, 15 percent solely use pa rtnerships to conduct their social practices, 37 percent use non-permanent partnerships, and 33 percent occasionally engage in partnerships. Most often these partnerships are multi-sectored, because each civil society organization has specific niches that aid in the common corporate social responsibility goal.For example, businesses often partner with non-governmental organizations and non-profits that already have social management expertise to reduce implementation and operating costs for business social responsibility activities. In addition, corporations are amenable to working with local non-governmental organizations or non-profits because it can lead to positive community relations. In addition, corporations may also choose to partner with the local, regional or national government to implement social initiatives. Business leaders often view Brazilian governmental organizations as non-cooperative, bureaucratic, slow, nd 30 inefficient. Therefore, business and government allia nces tend to be infrequent in Brazil (Austin 2004, 220). However, these difficulties do represent an opportunity for businesses to enhance government entities and to provide advice on how to make the government processes more effective. For example, Naturas commitment to improving local public education in Itapeceriaca da Serra not only required the company to work closely with the local government quiz, but also led to the establishment of Barracoes da Cidadania (Community Shelters).This program is managed by the Municipal Secretary of Culture in order to provide needy children and youth social and cultural activities and equipment (Austin 2004, 220). Even though such partnerships are becoming more prevalent, a significant proportion of corporations? efforts remain un-partnered because of factors such as lack of confidence in civil society organizations, lack of information, and precedent frustration. 15 percent of the companies in the Austin? s sample do not engage in partnerships , but individually create and implement corporate social responsibility (Austin 2004, 219).Some company executives believe that they can better manage their resources independently because they have better control (Austin 2004, 219) than those firms who engage in cross-sector partnerships to implement their social initiatives. Another finding is that companies that incorporate corporate social responsibility into their business models are more likely to make profits than if they treat these factors as expenses unrelated to business strategies directed to enhancing good will, educate potential employees or provide health care to the community (Hamman 2003, 238).Company executives frequently commit to carrying out ethical business practices as a component of their corporate responsibility. This includes refraining from using 31 child labor, providing fair compensation, creating safe and comfortable work conditions, and operating within the legal environmental regulations. This promote s ethical business behaviors, as well as benefits the product and companies because they will avoid potential labor rights issues. Further, environmentally friendly operations reflect positively on the company and its products.The company also reduces the risk for governmental fines due to negative environmental impacts. Often companies whose business leaders choose to invest in green technology and environmentally sustainable business practices tend to become industry leaders because they are evaluating and strategizing how to improve their operations, as opposed to maintaining the status quo. Joint commitments to practice corporate social responsibility among firms at the same level within a specific industry have proven to be an effective tool to promote company investment in corporate social responsibility initiatives.These commitments consist of each company dedicating a standardized amount of business resources to corporate social responsibility. Therefore, no company can gain a competitive advantage by not engaging in corporate social responsibility, thus creating a level playing field within the industry. The International Council on Mining and Metals is an example of this type of alliance. The organization consists of 18 mining and metals companies, as well as 30 national and regional mining associations and global commodity associations.Its vision is to lead companies to work together and with others to strengthen the contribution of mining, minerals and metals to sustainable development (ICMM 2010). This alliance encourages mining corporations to participate in corporate social responsibility, which neutralizes potential disparities 32 between competitors because a significant amount of the world? s most prominent mining companies are members of the International Council on Mining and Metals.Corporate Social Responsibility in the Mining Industry Mining company leaders argue that the extraction of non-renewable resources is essential to world develo pment (Jenkins and Yakoyleva 2006, 271). They declare that newly discovered mineral deposits and improved technologies will provide additional wealth into the world? s economy. Even though the mining companies claim that they are a part of an important source of global wealth, public opinion has largely focused on the negative externalities of mining activity.In response to this public cynicism, corporate social responsibility represents a valuable impression management tool that all prominent mining corporations utilize (Jenkins and Yakoyleva 2006, 272). Corporate social responsibility is treated as a strategic response to social challenges that ineluctably arise from mining extractive operations. Almost all mining companies allocate resources to these initiatives. Thus, it is necessary for corporations in this industry to participate in corporate social responsibility initiatives in some capacity in order to remain current among industry competitors.It has become standard practic e in the mining industry to develop more environmentally and socially conscience operational strategies. corporate social responsibility in the mining industry is viewed as a mechanism for maximization of positive and minimization of negative social and environmental impacts of mining, while maintaining profits (Acutt et al, 2001). According to a poll of the ten largest mining companies in the world, the number one reason for participating in corporate social 33 esponsibility activities is to contribute positively to brand reputation. Additional incentives are to increase value to shareholders, maintain relationships with the domestic government, and revenge socially conscience consumers (Hamann 2003, 242). Not only is corporat