The Hubble Space Telescope Essay Example for Free

The Hubble Space Telescope EssayThe Hubble Space Telescope is a squash placed in orbit everywhere our planets atmosphere. This particular positioning (outside the earths atmosphere) allows the set of device to take sharp optical images of otherwise very faint spacial objects. The telescope was named after Edwin Hubble, the person who is responsible for discovering galaxies outside the milky way. In relation to the intended function of the Hubble Space Telescope, Edwin Hubble is also the one who created Hubbles law, the measured measurement of the rate at which the universe is expanding (Burows, 1991). The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and has become one of the most important instruments in the history of astronomy. The data retrieved from the telescope has been responsible for ground breaking theories and help answering questions in astrophysics. In this paper, we will describe the Hubble Space Telescope and all its roles in the development of our acquisition of astronomy. II. Engineering of the Telescope The anatomy of the telescope consists of several partsOptical Telescope Assembly The most important part of the Hubble Space Telescope design is the mirror and optical remains. Because they be designed for different functions, there are significant differences of the Hubble Space Telescope design compare to cosmopolitan telescope. A general telescope is designed to observe objects illuminated with visible light, thus, the mirror of the telescope needed only to be lithesome to and accuracy of one-tenth of the wave duration of that visible light (Spitzer, 1979).However, the Hubble Space Telescope was designed to capture object illuminated by lights ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared. Thus, the mirror of the telescope needed to be polished to an accuracy of 1/20 of the wavelength of visible light (Burrows, 1991). It was realized that the polishing job would require extreme precision and the assistance of sophisticated tools and gadget. Thus, the polishing was performed by Perkin-Elmer, using computer-controlled polishing machines. In pursue of accuracy, Perkin-Elmer spend more than a year to complete the polishing stage.In 1981, the mirror was completed with the addition of a reflective aluminum coating 75nm thick and a magnesium protective fluoride coating 25nm thick. The additional coating was installed to increase mirrors reflectivity in ultraviolet light (Burrows, 1991). II. 2. Ground Support The role of the ground support system of the Hubble Space Telescope was performed by the Space Telescope Science convey (STScI). The institute was established in 1983, located in Baltimore, in the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University and operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA).Operations of the Hubble Space Telescope are monitored 24 hours a day by the Hubble Flight Operations Team which consist of four teams of flight controllers. The ground support has the responsibi lity to manage the scientific operation of the telescope and oversee the delivery of data products to astronomers. The engineering support required for the operations is provided with NASA at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, doctor (STScI, 2003). The ground support team has had some incident relating to the delay of Hubbles launch schedule.The launch was delayed for four years to account for the Challenger disaster. The mirrors and other instruments were to be kept in clean rooms until the rescheduled launch. In 1990 however, when the launch was finally performed, the dust that has accumulated on the mirror required nitrogen dusting and the system needed to be tested extensively again to ensure safety (STScI, 2003). II. 3. Spacecraft System The designers of the project stated that the spacecraft that carried the Hubble out to space was considered a big engineering challenge.First and foremost, it must have the capability of enduring the major changes in temperature, as the craft would pass through direct sunniness as well as dark areas of Earths shadow. The spacecraft must also be stable enough to allow extremely sinless pointing of the telescope. Finally, a shroud of multi-layered insulation was installed to keep telescopes temperature stable including a light aluminum shell. To address the stability issue, a graphite-epoxy frame was installed inside the aluminum shell to keep Hubble and its parts aligned and in tact.

Foreign Policy Judiciary Politics Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy Judiciary Politics Essay1. Although the antecedent of the peopleal organization increased during the early republic, these developments often face serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those who opposed the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following Whiskey Rebellion, 1794Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799Hartford Convention, 1814-18152. To what extent did the Jeffersonian Republicans of economic boycott in the years 1807 1812 affect the new nation? 3. To what extent was the early United States foreign policy a primarily defensive reaction to actual or perceived threats from Europe? Evaluate with impress to United States foreign policy on TWO major issues during the period from 1789 1815. 4. Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establishing a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution John AdamsThomas JeffersonGeorge Washington5. Explain the influence of TWO of the f ollowing on the U.S. decision to go to war in 1812. Embargo policies of Jefferson and MadisonBritish impressment of American seamenSettlers conflicts with Native AmericansExpansionist goals of the war hawks6. Compare and contrast the political and economic views of the Hamiltonian Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans. When, why and how did the differences betwixt the two parties blur? 7. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s. 8. Since the treaty of cuss addressed none of the issues for which the United States had fought, the War of 1812 has no positive consequences for the American nation. Assess the validity of this statement 9. To what extent was the Election of l800 aptly named the Revolution of l800? resolve with reference to 2 of the following areas Economics

Chemical Hazards In The Working Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

chemical substance substance Hazards In The Working Environment Environmental Sciences Essaychemical substance Engineering is defined as the branch of engineering which is involved in the application of somatic science and mathematics to processing and converting raw materials and chemics into more(prenominal) useful forms. The outputs and methods of these processes argon not always safe and chemical disasters need to be oercome to make the reaching environment a satisfactorily hospitable for everyone that the process affects. This includes the general public and the environment as nearly as the workers involved. Chemical Engineers need to ensure that the safety measures which they devise regarding certain processes argon fitting enough not to pose hazards and to meet the regulations of the law.This term report card will outline some of the hazards which Chemical Engineers and other workers in the industry need to neutralise to ensure that the working environment is safe fo r those involved.A hazard is defined as whateverthing which could result in an misadventure. Such hazards include those cause by the release of noxious chemicals which tail end prove electronegative to the health of people and the environment. Chemical hazards can be especially heartrending due to the virulent nature of the substances used in the industry.Plant arcticThe health and safety of plant workers is a major concern to the chemical industry. Accidents which result in loss of life or injuries argon especially damaging due to the high costs they inflict. be in retraining personnel, rep auraing equipment damaged in have huge costs, as well as the interruption in business that ensues after an cerebrovascular accident.The trends have shown that over the years fatalities have decreased but property costs have increase. This trend is due to the increased automated trunks used in plants. These systems have increased complexity and productivity to older designs. In earlier designs the workers were more exposed to the chemical processes taking place in the plant, and were in twist exposed to more hazards. This yet poses another problem because if workers are more isolated from a process, even if this greatly reduces health and safety hazards then if a malfunction occurs in the plant it is much more difficult to have experienced personnel available to fix a process problem. Due to this action compensation moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) be made in the case of higher property costs as opposed to loss of life and injury to workers.As of the early 1990s, yearbook worker fatalities ran about 9 per 100,000 employees annual lost judgment of conviction disabling injuries ran about 4,000 per 100,000 employees. Property Losses increased fourfold from the 1970s. precaution assessments are this instant to a lower placegone on chemical plants to ensure that they adhere to safety levels proposed by regulation standards. Quantification of hazards much(pre nominal) as over tweet potential and flammability were done by measurements of vapour pressure and of gimcrack sharpens and flammability limits.The process designers need to make use of data that gives information pertaining to the hazards of a process such as information of reaction rates and the energies involved in exothermic reactions in which heat is given out, that of unstable chemicals, of temperature limits in which explosive decomposition can occur, rates of times of gas and vapour and touch fail-safes such as pressure releases for high pressure systems.Citing Wikipedia, Fault tree compend (FTA) is a failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is analyzed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events. This is used to quantitatively combine the signs of human and component failure rates to deem a safety assessment for that process.Many lurchs arose in the 1980s and 1990s regarding safety requirements in the petrochemical and chemical indu stry. These were presented by industrial groups such as Chemical Manufacturers Association as and the American Petroleum Institute as consensus guidelines. The objective of these changes was to make sure that all members of these industries were designed, importanttained and controlled in the safest way that would be economically viable. Kirk Othmer (1991-1998).Hazard Analysis and Risk AssessmentHazards associated with in facilities can be in the order of hundreds or thousands if the facility is large enough. These hazards occur as a result of factors such as the type of physical materials being used, the processes that are designed to make a product, the operating conditions and the design of a plant to yell but a few. If hazards arent controlled a sequence of events can occur which will result in an accident. A hazard can result in an accident which is an unplanned sequence of events which can result in the loss of life, damage to the environment, damage to products and inventor y and damage to equipment.Risk involves probability and consequence of something undesirable occurring. It is unimaginable to completely define a risk without taking both of these components into consideration. For pattern a hazard could involve a large consequence but overly could have a very low probability of causing an accident or vice versa. In both these cases it would be classed as a cultivate risk.The purpose of hazard analysis and risk assessment is in that respectfore to characterise hazards, determine the probability of them occurring and then to consider and evaluate the consequences if an accident did occur. This operation can be summed up by this flow chart in common figure 1.Flow chart describing the full hazard analysis and risk assessment procedureFig. 1Kirk Othmer (1991-1998)Flow Chart ExplanationA committee is required to come hazard analysis and risk assessment. Each member of the committee must have adequate experience to the chemical process that is bein g considered. The first step is to consider a detailed account of the process which describes it completely. This has to include the physical properties of the materials being used, instrument diagrams of processes, operating temperatures and pressures, materials for the construction of the equipment being used and any other detailed design specifications. The more detailed and updated this is, the more effective the analysis will be.The next step involves identifying the hazards involved in the process. This is done by a certain number of established procedures. In this step it is not whimsical to find hundreds of hazards for complex processes.The next step involves identifying all the scenarios which could result in the loss of control of the system, therefore resulting in an accident. This can be seen to be the just about difficult step in the analysis. Most accidents occur due to improper accident scenario characterisation. Many complex chemical processes can have hundreds of different accident scenarios for each hazard but the most important part of this analysis is to pick the scenarios which are most dire but at the same time credible.Risk assessment is the next part of the procedure. This involves determining accident probability and the consequences involved. This procedure is performed for all the accident scenarios that were identified in the last step. Statistical models used to represent failures are the method preferred for determining the probability of each accident. Source models are used to provide information about how material would be ejected from equipment, along with dispersion and enlargement models, a good estimate can be made to the cost of the damage to the affected areas. Thus the consequence is presently determined.The final part of this procedure is to decide whether the risks involved are acceptable. If they are not then changes must be made and the process must be restarted to ensure that they are afterward neutralised. If the risk is an acceptable one then the process can go ahead and be implemented.Hazard analysis or risk assessment can be undergone at any time during the course of a process life. It is however, must more cost effective to perform this procedure at the initial stages where changes would be less costly to implement.Process Safety ManagementSeveral incidents which occurred in the late twentieth century indicated that there needed a significant improvement in the management of process hazards. There are three incidents that have produced the greatest legislative response. These incidents are as followsThe Flixborough disaster, U.K. 1st June 1974 in which a temporary bypass pipe ruptured causing 40 tonnes of cyclohexane to form a vapour cloud 100-200 metres in diameter. The cloud came in contact with an ignition source and exploded causing 1,800 buildings within a mile radius of the site were damaged. 28 dead. 89 serious injuries. Wikipedia, Flixborough Disaster (2010)The Bhopal disaste r, India. tertiary December 1984 in which a runaway reaction caused by urine entering tank 610 containing 42 tonnes of methyl isocyanate vented to the surrounding areas forming a toxic cloud. ca. 3,000 dead. ca. 200,000 serious injuries. Wikipedia, Bhopal Disaster (2010)Polyethylene Plant Explosion, Pasadena, Texas. 23rd October 1989 in which a valve failure caused a large amount of flammable gas to be released which subsequently exploded. 23 dead. 130-300 serious injury. (www.cholarisk.com//Philips%20PE%20Pasadona%20Explosion.ppt).Standards and guidelines have been developed to ensure that these types of accidents do not occur again by improving management of process safety.The health and Safety at Work Act developed by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) was devised following the Flixborough disaster this meant that the HSE would require that the type or quantity of chemical used or produced was to be registered and also the HSE submitted recommendations for maintenance funct ions plant design and methods for evaluating process hazards.The Occupational Safety and Health Act devised by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which was enacted in 1970 established standards for occupational hazards such as perniciousness, equipment guarding and protection against falling, noise and electrical shock.The freshly Jersey Toxic Catastrophe legal community Act was developed after the Bhopal disaster and several other incidents such as that of Institute, West Virginia in 1985 and several chemical release incidents in New Jersey in 1986. This required for each of the 109 materials listed in regulations to be registered based on attainment of a material that can cause acute toxicity at a distance of 100m from a source of 1 hour release.Kirk Othmer (1991-1998).Safety and Hazard symbolsA hazard symbol is defined as a described symbol that is designed to warn about dangerous locations or materials.NFPA 704- National Fire Protection AssociationNFPA 7 04 or the fire infield is a standard maintained by the National Fire Protection Agency in the US. This standard is used by emergency personnel to easily and chop-chop identify the types of nearby hazards and to help determine what sort of equipment, precautions or procedures would need to be adhered to following an emergency response.There are symbols attached to the fire diamond which each signify a particular type of hazard. They are colour coded. Red signifies a flammability hazard, blue signifies a health hazard, yellow signifies an derangement or reactivity hazard and white signifies a specific hazard such as a material that reacts unusually with water such as atomic number 11 or certain alkali metals, a specific hazard can be anything from a biological hazard to a corrosive hazard.Each of these hazards is graded according to the level of risk they pose to personnel. It is ranked with 5 gradations, 4 being the highest and 0 being the lowest this would pose no hazard at all . For each of the different types of hazards this high level of risk has a different definition. For a flammability hazard of 4 this would mean that the material has a flash point below that of room temperature and will burn readily at regular pressures and temperatures. Propane is an example of such a raging substance. For a health hazard of 4 this would signify that if one were exposed to the material for a short amount of time that it could cause death. An example of this would be hydrogen cyanide or phosphine. For an instability or reactivity hazard of 4 this would signify a substance that would be readily capable of detonation or decomposition at familiar temperatures and pressure, such an example of this would be nitroglycerine. On the other end of the scale, a flammability hazard of 0 would be a substance that would not burn under any conditions such as water. A health hazard of 0 would be a substance that would pose no health hazard at all such as that of lanolin ointment. An instability/reactivity hazard of 0 would be a substance that is normally stable, even if it is exposed to fire, such as helium or any inert gas.These are some examples of the fire diamonds for various substancesnfpa_diamond.png fire diamond for ethanol.jpg caffeine fire diamond.jpgFig 2.1 trinitroglycerin Fig 2.2 Ethanol Fig 2.3. CaffeineAnother method by which hazards can be averted is by specifying the types of precautions needed in handling potentially dangerous chemicals. The idle Materials Identification Guide (HMIG) and Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) use a different system which signifies what type of protective equipment is needed when handling a certain chemical. This method is similar to the NFPA 704 (fire diamond). The differences lie in the white bar. In this system the white bar holds letters corresponding to different types of Personal contraceptive Equipment (PPE) which are needed. The letters used are A-K and X and mean the same for both the HMIG and HMIS. They are also augmented with pictures of what icons are pictures showing the types of PPE that would be needed.HMIG.gifFig 2.4 (HMIG)Safety GlassesSafety Glasses, GlovesSafety Glasses, Gloves, ApronFace Shield, Gloves, ApronSafety Glasses, Gloves, Dust RespiratorSafety Glasses, Gloves, Apron, Dust RespiratorSafety Glasses, Gloves, vapor RespiratorSplash Goggles, Gloves, Apron Vapour RespiratorSafety Glasses, Gloves, Dust and Vapour RespiratorSplash Goggles, Gloves, Apron, Dust and Vapour RespiratorAir occupancy Hood or Mask, Gloves, Full suit, BootsX- Ask Supervisor or Safety Specialist for handling instructionsHazardous Materials RegulationsIn an operation where chemicals are manufacture and distributed the role of forwarding these chemicals safely is an important priority to the chemical industry. Careful consideration must be made to ensure that the packaging used provides adequate containment of any hazards that may be held in the packaging so as to ensure that it can be transported safely from the place of manufacture to where it is being used. non only that, but the product must be packaged as to contain the product adequately to ensure that it does not become contaminated by the surroundings, to provide vital information about product identity, handling information and any potential hazards to shippers and users.Due to environmental concerns packaging practises have undergone scrutiny by governments, regulatory agencies, consumer groups and environmentalists. It is becoming increasingly important that packaging is produced in a reasonable room, is recycled when economically feasible and permitted by regulation, and is used in an efficient manner so as to ensure no wastage occurs where possible and to minimise usage of materials.Most products can be stored and transported by most means of packaging the excerption of the type of packaging is taken usually by the manufacturer for economic or marketing reasons. For a chemical however the c hoice of packaging is generally dictated by safety priorities and chemical compatibility factors. In this case, for physical distribution the cost of the packaging can be comparable to the manufacturing costs of the product and this in turn will have a knock-on effect for the cost of the product for the consumer.Regulations regarding how a chemical product is packaged and shipped depend on whether the chemical is sort as hazardous or nonhazardous. Nonhazardous chemical substances are shipped and packaged subject to the rules of the carrier. The most common rules are those published in National Motor freight Classification for trucks and Uniform Freight Classification for railroads. If items are not packaged according to the classification requirements then the carriers have a right to collect a surcharge and refuse paying handling or damage claims on such items. The regulations controlling packaging for hazardous materials are different. The primary document The Hazardous Materia ls Regulations (HMR) devised in the Code of federal official Regulations was changed in order to bring it to par with international rules and to enhance safety through better classification and packaging. The primary change was to replace specific containers with performance oriented packaging. This means that as long as a packaging system passes test requirements it can be used. credential of a package is now the responsibility of the shipper. Tests on packaging must be approved by a test laboratory and in turn this laboratory must be approved by the Department of Transport (DOT).Hazardous materials are regulated according to how they are classified. The HMR provides a table classifying the types of hazardous materials. There are 9 classes some with subdivisions.HMR ClassificationClassSubdivisionExplosives1.1 Mass Explosion Hazard1.2 Projection Hazard no mass magnification hazard1.3 Fire hazard and minor projection or blast1.4 No significant blast hazard1.5 Very insensitive mass explosion hazard1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substancesCompressed Gases2.1 Flammable Gas2.2 Non-flammable Gas2.3 Poison GasFlammable LiquidsFlammable Solids4.1 Flammable Solid4.2 Spontaneously combustible material4.3 Dangerous When WetOxidising Substances and Organic Peroxides5.1 Oxidizer5.2 Organic PeroxidePoisonous and infectious Substances6.1 Poisonous Substances6.2 Infectious SubstancesRadioactive MaterialsCorrosivesMiscellaneous dangerous SubstancesFig 3. Kirk Othmer (1991-1998) encase requirements for hazardous materials are determined by finding them listed in Hazardous Materials table of 49 CFR, section 172. From this the hazard class, packaging group, identification number, sound out requirements, packaging authorisations and special provisions can be ascertained from this. All types of designed packaging must be tested before approval. If approved, it must be attach with the UN packaging marking which specify any details pertaining to the packaged material such as the type of material, relative density of the material and maximum vulgar weight for which the packaging has been tested, the packaging group for which the package has been approved, whether the material is solid or under pressure, the state or country of origin, the year of manufacture and the exam facility. When the package is ready for shipment it must be labelled with the identification number and shipping name in the top left corner, the hazardous materials label in the centre of the panel, and the package marking in the bottom left corner. Shipping documents must also show the hazardous materials identification, the hazard class and an emergency telephone number. Improper packaging procedures including improper shipping documents, marking or handling can result in civil and/or criminal liabilities against the carrier, shipper or the packaging manufacturer.Hazardous PollutantsThe chemical process industry is one of the most highly regulated industries in the world. It is r egulated regarding areas of environmental protection, health and safety. Everything is affected by the chemical industry, the siting of a new location for a facility, the transportation of raw materials and finished products, working conditions for employees, packaging of finished materials and interactions with the community. The chemical industry also develops supernumerary regulations alongside the regulatory agencies to ensure the proper protection of the community, the environment and the employees. For example, The Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) brought out the Responsible Care Initiative. This initiative, initially started in Canada, is a perpetration on behalf of the chemical industry to continuously improve health, safety and environmental standards and to respond to public concerns. The initiative is implemented by 6 codes of management practices which intersect Community Awareness and Emergency Response (CAER), Employee Health and Safety, Distribution, Proce ss Safety, Pollution Prevention and Product Stewardship. More than 35 countries in the world have taken on responsible care and are developing their own means of implementation.Uniformity to environmental standards was attempted by the International Standard Organisation (ISO) by following up the ISO 9000 series of quality standards with the ISO 14000 environmental management standards. For example ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems, is a statement of environmental policy which includes the commitment to watch over with environmental legislation and a commitment to ensure continual improvement it also ensures that environmental objectives within the plant are identified, management representatives that ensure that the companies plans are implemented and procedures that might detect any noncompliance to such standards by means of periodic environmental management system audits are carried out. Any party wishing to do business in the international market will need ISO 14001 certification.Environmental ProtectionWaterFor a long time in the US water defilement control were taken on a basis of water quality standards for bodies of water such as streams, lakes and rivers, receiving bodies of water. There was no effective, national legal authority which limited the remove of pollutants into bodies of water and was regulated more so on a state-by-state basis. In the late 1960s the US revived the 1899 Refuse Act which prohibited discharging anything into navigable water unless certain permits were obtained. This provided a new control over discharges of materials by industry. Along with this, legislation from the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (FWPCA) was put forward with an objective to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters. Kirk Othmer (1991-1998). New water quality standards were introduced by means of stream use classification. This gave control to states to decide what they would use their water for. The EPA defined 4 categories.Class A Primary water contact diversionary attackClass B Propagation of desirable aquatic lifeClass C Public water supplies prior to treatment andClass D awkward and industrial usesAfter this, water quality criteria were to be developed. This means that for each designated water use there were going to be limits to the allowed concentration of pollutants. Limits of discharged wastewater were controlled by means of regulating the unit weight of pollutant discharged per mass of product manufactured, rather than measuring the overall concentration of pollutant in a discharge stream. In this way chemical industries would be unable to dilute chemical pollutants to avoid surpassing concentration limits.Air2500 years ago lead taint produced by silver smelters in Rome and Greece were a major cause of concern. Analysis of lake sediments has shown that this lead pollution has spread across the northern hemisphere. Air pollution caused in the modern working environment is usually due to burning of fossil provides and as early as the 13th century this has been attributed to the burning of coal. The main cause for concern with coal burning was the unpleasant sulfurous odour released and the soot produced but the health effects caused by this has not been made imbibe until recently.National Ambient Air timbre Standards6 pollutants that cause major concern have been classed by the EPA under The Clean Air Act 1970. These are Sulfur Oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), lead, particulates i.e. (subdivisions of solid or liquid matter suspended in a gas), and photochemical oxidants (ozone).The EPA developed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to combat levels of air pollution based on the level of highest concentration that would have no adverse effects on the environment or on human health. These standards are expressed by ground level concentrations where the concentrations of pollutants are measured at ground level in measurements of parts per million or micrograms per cubic metre.Solid and hazardous wasteImplementation of laws concerning the control of pollution due to solid waste disposal was formulated much slower than for those were for water and air. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976 (RCRA) was the first act passed where newer substantial controls were authorised. The objective of the RCRA was to conserve public health, the environment and natural resources. It was implemented to ensure that practices regarding the production, storage, transportation and disposal of waste would minimise or completely eradicate the hazard to human health and the environment. The section of the RCRA that caused the most concern to the Chemical Industry was supply C. This was the hazardous waste management regulations. The objective of this was to monitor and regulate hazardous waste from the time of production to its disposal. Facilities which would work in the transportation, storage, treatment or generation of hazardous waste are covered by these regulations. The definition of a solid waste to the RCRA covers a broad category of substances including solids, semisolids or liquids or any contained gaseous materials. A hazardous waste is a substance that must be either listed by the EPA or have a hazardous characteristic Kirk Othmer (1991-1998). Certain types of solid wastes are excluded from the hazardous materials regulations specifically for the large volume by which they are produced or other reasons. These would include household wastes, fossil fuel combustion, exploration wastes and some agricultural and mining wastes. A solid waste is considered hazardous if it is listed in the EPA or has a specific characteristic hazard. There are four characteristics of hazardous wastes reactivity, corrosivity, ignitability and toxicity. Toxicity refers to how leachable the waste is and the toxicity in the groundwater that would result using Toxicity Characteristic Leachi ng Procedure, an analytical method. Some examples of hazards included in TCLP are listed in the table below.Maximum Concentration of Contaminants for Toxicity CharacteristicContaminantRegulatory Level (mg/L)Arsenic5.0Benzene0.5Silver5.0Lead5.0 hectogram0.2Chloroform6.0Chromium5.0Selenium1.0Fig 4. Kirk Othmer (1991-1998)It is the responsibility of the producer of the substance to determine whether it is hazardous. They are required to hold records label substances correctly, inform transporters and report to the EPA periodically. Groundwater and air quality are monitored for any facility that could potentially produce emissions. Any regulations concerning nonhazardous waste are controlled by the local and state authorities. Due to increased pressure on landfill sites these regulations are getting more stringent for nonhazardous solid waste. Better management of nonhazardous waste is encouraged through recycling, reduction and reuse.industrial Hygieneindustrial hygiene is a profession devoted to anticipating, evaluating and recognising any environmental factors or stresses arising in the workplace which could cause impaired health and wellbeing, sickness, inefficiency and significant discomfort amidst workers and those of the local community. In the U.S., industrial hygienists are usually members of the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) or other groups such as the American honorary society of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH). Industrial Hygienists work with other professions concerning health in the workplace such as safety engineers and occupational health nursing. All these groups work in implementing the laws regarding the regulation of health and safety in the workplace. The principal laws are the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) in the U.S. but similar laws are put into place all over the world which are proposed by International Organisations such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO).Hazards arising from the workplace which industrial hygienists are interested in would include the following categories.ChemicalCarcinogens, Reproductive Hazards, Acute Poisons, Irritants, Corrosives, NeurotoxinsErgonomicRepetitive Strain wounding (RSI), Back injury, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Human-Machine interactionPhysicalNoise, Cold, Heat, Ionising Radiation, Extremely Low Frequency Radiation (ELF), Ultraviolet Radiation, Laser Radiation, Infra Red RadiationIndustrial Hygienists must be able to detect what potential hazards might result from workplace materials, to evaluate hazards and determine how much risk is posed by it, and to recognise hazards as they occur. The best and cheapest way to approach workplace hazards is to anticipate them and if possible to completely prevent them from happening.When a new chemical process is conceived an industrial hygienist must check the toxicology of the substance produced, either by animal testing or by human epidemiology. Some substances are sel f limiting, others are potent and carcinogenic but most chemicals lie somewhere in between. Wherever possible it is encouraged to abstain from using potentially dangerous chemicals. Also potentially damaging physical hazards which arise from certain processes such as excessive heat, noise or pressures must also be anticipated and avoided where possible. Usually industrial hygienists are capable in devising methods of using hazardous chemical substances safely.To recognise potential hazards industrial hygienists must have an extensive knowledge of the kind of hazards that may occur in types of industry. Recognising hazards is done by looking for sources of harmful chemical or physical agents that would cause damage if exposed to workers.Fugitive emissions are an example of an industrial hazard, and occur when there is a break in the barrier which provides containment for the chemical process. The main source of loss can be attributed to seal and flange leaks where material could esc ape. Even though the emissions can be incredibly small so that they are undetectable by a material balance, they can however build up in the work area which could lead to overexposure to harmful chemicals. Valve stem leaks are one example. These can worsen over time if not corrected. Pump seal leaks which are usually quite small can become large if there is total seal fail

Issue of Illegal Drugs in Music Lyrics

Issue of Illegal Drugs in Music LyricsJulia DuggerMusic is and al tracks has been an integral part of association. It is, t bothy to Glowacka Pitet, 2004, champion of the longest celebrated traditions of humankind that enables the exchange of feelings and experiences that freighternot be articulated by the enforce of common language. Moreover, its strength is based on the fact that it can exit us with meaning, with off saying anything at all (Hormigos-Ruiz, 2010). Daily life does not exist without medical specialty and since every age group within a society is exposed to it, it comes to no surprise that each age group evaluate its importance differently. For example, studies conducted by various researchers (e.g. Arnett, 1996 North Hargreaves, 2008 Schwartz Fouts, 2003) uncovered that American adolescents did not retributory listen to unison approximately two and a half hours per day, instead than also how they vigorously employ music to satisfy social, emotional and deve lopmental requirements. However, match to Walker Kennedy (2010), the impact of popular music has sparked many debates. Particularly over the past decade, legion(predicate) news stories have claimed that bands like Marilyn Manson or Slipknot have negatively influenced the shooters at Columbine (US)/Erfurt (Germany) or that suicidal connotations in rock/ admixture music has led to an increase in adolescence taking/trying to take their lives (Walker Kennedy, 2010).It thusly comes to no surprise that North and Hargreaves (2006) have argued that music genres like punishing coat/ dangerous rock, hip hop/ rap, and alternative/punk should be strike out forth as problem music. But labeling particular genres as problem music and denoting that adolescent listening to it argon automatically negatively influenced, seems like generalization of a very complex issue. According to Walker Kennedy (2010), much research has been conducted on why adolescents listen to music and in short two main r easons can be noted to explore identity issues including self-identity and peer relationships as well as regulation of emotional impulses. And although various themes of different music genres large(p) metal lyrics often deal with hostility or vengeance and may contain sex, drug use, suicide, and alienation references (Arnett, 1996) rap lyrics are full of offensive language have with subjects like sex, drug use, misogyny, violence (Epstein, Pratto, Skipper, 1990) pop music lyrics deal with a multitude of themes and typically reach a larger audience and country music often tells a story that either deals with love sadness rebellious behavior, promiscuity, or betrayal (Ballard, Bazzini, Dodson, 1999) can, according to Ter Bogt (2012), support listeners to interpreted these themes, particularly the negative ones, as cool, socially acceptable, satisfying, and not particularly destructive, it should be recognized that lyrics are me swan one aspect of a songs overall message.Unf ortunately many studies limit themselves by only looking at one characteristics of a specific song, rather than also addressing that others, like the sound of the music or the associated broader pagan factors, can have obvious and powerful effects on how one interprets its meaning (Ter Bogt et al., 2012). For example, listeners preferring a particular genre often do not exclusively listen to the music itself, rather than also have an understanding for the reputation of those genres and show familiarity regarding the lifestyles of musicians within them. As Ter Bogt et al. (2012) noted, given that an individuals development is bind by the observation of others, relevant behaviors portrayed by high-status people such as rock stars, may encourage adolescents to mimic it. However, due to the fact that numerous musicians have had encounters with the law over their drug/alcohol use and many even have died because of it, claiming that specific music genres only glamorize or encourage dr ug us/abuse seems like a biased representation. How true this is can be seen when taking a closer look at the storey of music lyrics, particular those of rock/hard rock/metal/heavy metal bands. According to Dodge (2004), rock songs of the 80s were party anthems with a positive military position towards the motto sex, drugs, and rock n roll. However, during the 90s rock music lyrics became more critical. Exaggeratedly spoken, most of the music sounded whinny/moaning and the lyrics contained messages intimately how bad everything was (Dodge, 2004). Today, according to Dodge (2004), the unforgiving elements still exist, but a new wave of album oriented/melodic rock and heavy metal bands has emerged.On the other hand, heavy metal emerged during the late 60s, yet, according to Hjelm, Kahn-Harris, and LeVine (2012), did not establish itself as a separate genre until the late 70s/early 80s when bands like Judas Priest and Iron Maiden set forth basic metal characteristics (distorted gui tars, aggressive vocals, dark clothing, etc.) that are present to this day. Throughout the following decades (90s until today), metal has followed increasingly diverse musical pathways and has created numerous powerful bands. And although the central concept for producing rock/hard rock/metal/heavy metal songs remains the same, a shift of song themes and in which kind of way they are communicated to the listener can be seen. According to Dodge (2009), drug reference in rock/metal songs have always been numerous and recurrent. However, according to Markert (2001), this does not mean that such songs praise or encourage the exploitation of drugs. Most drug representations, particularly those of more recent rock/metal tracks, are rather negative and these songs often do not instruct, lecture or admonish the listener, according to Dodge (2009), rather than they inform about possible results, rely on personal responsibility, and leave it up to the individual to make their own decisions. Moreover, since songs about drug use/abuse are again and again associated with a particular cartridge holder frame and/or social group, they do not just reflect the principles of that group rather than also operate as a socializing instrument by suggesting how listeners should interpret their social surroundings (Markert, 2001).The truthfulness of this view can be seen when either rock/hard rock/metal/heavy metal songs of different decades are compared with each or when the lyrics/themes of the more recent ones are compared with other genres. Many themes of the older rock/metal songs (l960s 1990s), with all sub- and hybrid genres considered, concentrated on the usage and the effects of drugs, while notions of caution or resulting negative consequences were rarely mentioned. For example, during the 60s songs like Heroin by The Velvet vacuum tube (1967) or Mothers little Helper by The Rolling Stones (1966), told the listener how drugs alter emotional states and claimed that the end result with an overall positive notion was to either be able to not care about anything anymore Cause it makes me feel like Im a man/when I put a spike into my venaCause when the smack begins to flow/And I real dont care anymore/Ah, when that heroin is in my blood/And that blood is in my head/Then thank God that Im as good as dead/And thank your God that Im not aware/And thank God that I just dont care or manage everydays tasks Mother needs something today to calm her down/And though shes not really ill/Theres a little yellow-bellied pill/She goes running for the shelter of a mothers little helper/And it helps her on her way, gets her by dint of her busy day.In the 70s, a similar trend could be seen, where songs about drugs yet again mainly describe the addictive properties of drugs or even glorify them. In his song For Your Life Led Zeppelin (1976), for example, illustrates how a drug user surrenders to his/her addiction You said I was the only/Exhibition is your habit, Emoti on second hand/Had to pull away to save me, Maybe next time around/And she said, dont you penury it?/Dont you want coca-coca-cocaine?/Hadnt planned to, could not stand to try it and in their song Snowblind the Band Black Sabbath goes even further in glorifying the use of cocaine Feeling happy in my vein/Icicles within my brain (cocaine)/Makes me happy, makes me coldDont you think I know what Im doing/Dont tell me that its doing me wrong/Youre the one whos really a loser/This is where I feel I belong. In the 80s, however, some bands began to questionIn the past decade, most singer/songwriters in the rock/hard rock/metal/heavy metal genre have shifted their attention to not just on expressing how bad the usage of harmful/illegal substances is, rather than also their negative consequences. For example, in their song Adios, the band Rammstein (2009) did not just describe how a person injects a substance in their veins (He lays the plague in the vein, asks the music to come inside) and how this person feels while the substance travels through his entire body (a battle rages in his blood, an army bound through his bowel), rather than also address their often fatal attributes by closing the song with the words He takes the needle from the vein, the melody travels out of the scrape up, violins burn with shrieking, harps cut the flesh, he has opened his eyes, but he did not wake up.A similar, yet less obvious approach to remind the listener about the highly destructive attributes of illegal substances, has been taken by the band Slipknot, who in their 2014 released song Killpop describe how a women injects something into her skin (she is sticking needles in her skin)recently the song Habits (Stay High) has topped the charts, where the singer Tove Lo (2012) argues that dealing with emotional pain can only be achieved via a continuing high to not be missing a lost love ( Spend my days locked in a haze, trying to stymy you babeGot to stay high all my life, to forget Im missing you). Other examples include We cant stop by Miley Cyrus (2013), where she sings we like to party, dancing with Molly (which is a reference to the drug MDMA), doing whatever we want Rehab by Amy Winehouse (2007), in which she states that they tried to make me go to rehab but I said no, no, no, yes, Ive been black but when I come back youll know, know, know,, hes tried to make me go to rehab but I wont go, go, go or Diamonds by Rihanna (2012), where she clearly downplays the destructive properties of alcohol (moonshine) and drugs (molly, which is a street name for MDMA and ecstasy) when she sings well never die youre a shooting star I see, a vision of ecstasy Palms rise to the universe, as we moonshine and molly, feel the warmth, well never die, were like diamonds in the sky.ReferencesDodge, A. I. (2004). Sex, drugs, and rock roll A Libertarian view Pamphlet. London, United Kingdom Libertarian Alliance.Hormigos-Ruiz, J. (2010). Music distribution in the consumer societ y The creation of cultural identities through sound. Comunicar, 17(34), 91-98. doi10.3916/C34-2010-02-09Markert, J. (2001). Sing a song of drug use-abuse Four decades of drug lyrics in popular musicfrom the sixties through the nineties. Sociological Inquiry, 71(2), 194-220.Arnett, J. J. (1996). Metal heads, heavy metal music and adolescent alienation. New York, NY Westview Press, Inc.North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J. (2008). The social and applied psychology of music. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press.Schwartz, K. D., Fouts, G. T. (2003). Music preferences, personality style, and developmental issues of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 205-211.North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J. (2006). Problem music and self-harming. suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(5), 582-590. DOI 10.1521/suli.2006.36.5.582Hjelm, T., Kahn-Harris, K., LeVine, M. (2011). Heavy metal as controversy and counterculture. Popular Music History, 6(1-2), 5-18. doi10.1558/pomh.v6i1/2.5Ahmadi, F. (2009). Hard and heavy music Can it make a difference in the young cancer patients life?. Voices A World Forum For Music Therapy, 9(2). doi10.15845/voices.v9i2.345. Retrieved from https//normt.uib.no/index.php/voices/article/view/345/269Epstein, J. S., Pratto, D. J., Skipper Jr., J. R. (1990). Teenagers, behavioral problems, and preferences for heavy metal and rap music A case study of a southern middle school. Deviant Behavior, 11, 381-394.Ballard, M. E., Dodson, A. R., Bazzini, D. G. (1999). Genre of music and lyrical content aspect effects. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160(4), 476-487.Primack, B. A., Dalton, M. A., Carroll, M. V., Agarwal, A. A., Fine, M. J. (2008). Content analysis of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs in popular music. Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine, 162(2), 169175.Ter Bogt, T.F.M., Nic Gabhainn, S., Simons-Morton, B.G.,Ferreira, M., Hublet, A., Godeau, E., Kuntsche, E. Richter, M. (2012). Dance is the new metal adolescent music preferenc es and substance use across Europe. Substance Use and Misuse, 47(2), 130-142.

The History of Newspapers

The Hi romance of countersignworthiness report card publishersIntroductionAny kinds of news program about something new or current affairs which appears frequently and is a character of publication can be considered as a theme. According to American author Mark Twain If you dont read the publisher, youre uninformed. If you read the newspaper, youre mis-informed. Newspaper consists of many distinct contents such as news, articles, features, advertisement and many more which is affected in relatively cheap newsprint. Newspaper publishes news periodic or every week of beingness(a) interest to large portions of public in a specific geographic area. According to American Novelist Norman Mailer Once a newspaper touches a story the facts are lost forever, even the protagonists.A newspaper contains news and articles that touches personalities, dividing line and finance, crime, severe weather, natural disasters, health and medicine, science and technology, sports, entertainment, fashion and arts divided and promulgated in different sections closely related to proximity factor or general interest of the people. Even though the Newspaper is based on facts and news, personal opinions are adjusted through editorials and op-eds.The newspaper includes photographs shot by the photographers along with stories and articles along with graphic artists, data, chats and diagrams. All the reports or stories have headlines and photographs with caption is edited to be fixed somewhere in the papers layout later on being checked by the editors usually supervised by an editor-in-chief or an executive editor. The newspaper business is kept alive by general circulation or through advertisement they carry. It is important for newspaper to provide citizens with information on regimen and politics.History of Newspaper in European contextThe history of newspaper in Europe can be traced back to 59 B.C. to A.D. 222 in Rome when writing and edition gained reliability. The Roman p udding stone published Acta Diurna (Daily Acts), a daily handwritten news sheets which were carved in mental or stone and posted by the government in Roman forum. The acta contained news of Political happenings, trials, scandals, military campaigns and executions. These were printed with the regulate of Julius Caesar, a Roman general and author of Latin writing style.The produce press came into lite to propagate news in Europe soon after the invention of garner press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1450s which was the initiation of movable type of feeling press. In 1470, one of the graduation exercise printed works which can be considered as news was an Italian account of a tournament. Christopher Columbus had written a letter reporting his discoveries which was set in type and was circulated all over Barcelona before he got there in 1493. There were thousands of printed newsbooks, short pamphlets reporting on a news event, and news ballads, details of current events written in ver se and generally printed on one side of a single sheet of paper which were circulated all over Europe and its colonies specially America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The newsbooks and news ballads was eligible enough to be called a newspaper since they appeared solitary(prenominal) once, to report only one story and had no identity separate from the scrupulous news report they told.There is no doubt that the concept of contemporary newspaper was invented in Europe. The oldest form of modern newspaper is said to be start published as a handwritten news sheets that circulated extensively in Venice, Italy in the sixteenth century. Notizie scritte (written notices) were published by the government of Venice in 1556 which led to the trademark of modern newspaper. Venice was the center of trade in Europe therefore hub for information. The Venetian news sheets also known as avisi or gazettes which was handwritten had information and news regarding politics, wars and econo my of Italy and Europe during early modern era (1500 1800). The newspaper traveled all along Europe till capital of the United Kingdom and was distributed weekly during 1566 A.D. They techniques and style they applied for this paper were short sets of news items, adforefrontced from a particular city, printed down the stairs the name of that city along with the date on which they were sent. These techniques would be used in most early printed newspapers and this idea of handwritten newsbooks travelled all the authority to Germany and Holland.According to knowledge domain association of newspapers, the oldest surviving European printed newspaper were published weekly in German language in Germany, the start-off being apprisal aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdign Historien printed in 1605 A.D. in Strasbourg by Johann Carlous followed Avisa Relation oder Zeitun printed by Lucas Schlute in 1609 in Wolfenbttel. The names of the cities were not included in the papers in order to evade government prosecutions.It did not take much time for the printed newspaper to spread through Europe rapidly starting from printed weeklies which appeared in Basel in 1610, followed by capital of Kentucky and capital of Austria in 1615 and finally in Berlin by 1617. All the weeklies were in German language and no specific names have been discovered. In 1618 the first Dutch newspaper weekly was introduced in Amsterdam called Courante uyt Italien, Buytslandt, c. which can be considered as the first broadsheet paper because it was issued in folio sizing rather than previously printed pamphlets in quarto size.The very first newspaper printed in England came in 1621 when an face formal complained about the lack of means of conversation in England. The French started stamp newspaper of its own in May 30, 1631 called La publish in Paris. The Italians introduced their first printed weekly in 1639 followed by Spanish Catalan language newspaper Gazeta in 1641.The first side of meat La nguage newspaper was printed in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler for the publisher Pieter van den Keere in 1620. The first incline newspaper does not begin with a title because in those early days papers often did not have invariable names. The first English newspaper is well illustrated by the following item Out of Ceulen (cologne), the 24 of November. Letters of Neurenburge of the 20 of this present, make mention, that they had advise from the Borders of Bohemis, that there had been a very great Battle by Prague. The news was translated in English, printed and shipped to capital of the United Kingdom.Many early newspapers did not have many stories to be printed and scrambled to find new news to fill their paper every week, especially in England, the news were published late. The readers expectation of weekly newes was not fulfilled during those time. This led to more working hours to call for news to fill the weekly news and this pace of gathering news lead to adapt itself to the sc hedule of daily newspapers later on.The first actually printed newspaper in England was Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Gerany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the low Countreys in September 24, 1621. The publisher known by only initials N.B. whose credits are given either to Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas bourn which were both Englands first newspaper journalist. The second newspaper in France Gazette de France was also published in 1631 by Theophraste Renaudot which survived till the French Revolution in 1789.There were basically two formats in which the newspaper were published in early days one was the Dutch paper style known as corantos, in which the reports were packed densely in only two or four pages and the other style was the German weeklies, generally a pamphlets with eight to cardinal four pages. The Dutch style of paper eventually turned into German style in 1622.The news were printed directly in print shop as soon as it was received, such as the thirty years war raging on the continent at that time appeared under the name of Vienna, Frankfort or Prague or any other cities where a letter or newspaper found its way to a printing shop. The same news printed in some date in a certain city was printed in different date in some other city. In capital of the United Kingdom the swear out of editing story to make it easier for the reader started by editor Thomas Gainsford, who started working in series of early English newspaper in 1622.The Oxford Gazette which was established in 7 November 1665 and that contained official journals of record of the British government is the oldest surviving English newspaper in the world today. The Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper in the England and the world. It was first published in 11 March 1702 and was produced by Elizabeth Mallet and contained a single page with advertisements on the reverser side.YearNewspaperLanguageCityCountryReference1605Relation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdign HistorienG ermanStrasbourgHoly Roman EmpireFirst newspaper of the world1609Avisa Relation oder ZeitungGermanWolfenbttelHoly Roman Empire1610GermanBaselSwiss Confederacy1615GermanFrankfurtHoly Roman Empire1617GermanBerlinHoly Roman Empire1618Courante uyt Italien Duytslandt, c.DutchAmsterdamDutch RepublicIt is the worlds first broadsheet. out of use in 16641620Nieuwe TijdinghenDutchAntwerpSpanish NetherlandsPublished in 1605 16291631La GazetteFrenchParisFranceFirst newspaper in French language and first weekly magazine established between May 30, 1631 September 30, 19151641GazetaCatalanBarcelonaSpainThe first Catalan Language newspaper. Only two issues were published1645Ordinari Post TijdenderSwedishStockholmSwedenOldest and still published newspaper in the world. Went online in 20071656Weeckelycke Courante van EuropaDutchHaarlemDutch RepublicIn 1664 the name was changed to Oprechte haerlemsche Courant. The newspaper merged with the Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 and still exists.1661La GazetaSpanis hMadrid demesne of SpainExisted till 2008 as Boletin official del Estado and went completely online from 2009.1661Merkuriusz Polski OrdynaryjnyPolishKrakowPolish-Lithuanian CommonwealthLasted till 22 July 1661 in Warsaw.1664Gazzetta di MantovaItalianMantuaDuchy of Mantua, Holy Roman Empire button up the oldest privet and continuously published print in the world.1665Oxford GazetteEnglishOxfordEnglandIt was renamed as London Gazette and moved to London in 1666.1702Daily CourantEnglishLondonEnglandIt was the worlds first daily Newspaper. corporate with the Daily Gazetteer in 1735.1702VedomostiRussianMoscowRussiaRenamed as Sankt Petersburgskie in 1728, and again renamed as Petrogradskie Vedomosti in 1914. Last issue in 1917.1703Wiener ZeitungGermanViennaAustria take over in publication.1704The ReviewEnglishLondonEnglandFounded by Daniel Defoe as a Review of the Affairs of France until 1713.1705Hildesheimer Relations CourierGermanHildesheimGermanyStill in publication with name Hildes heimer Allgemeine Zeitung.1705Mercurius HungaricusHungarianHungaryHungaryWas printed in Latin and lasted till 1710.1709The TatlerEnglishLondonKingdom of Great BritainFounder was Richarded Steele and existed till 1711.1709The Worcester Post ManEnglishWorcesterKingdom of Great BritainRenamed as Berrows Worcester journal since 1753. Last publication was in 1690.1710The ExaminerEnglishLondonKingdom of Great BritainJonathan swift had the most ploughshare and lasted till 1714.1711The SpectatorEnglishLondonKingdom of Great BritainFounded by Joseph Addison and lasted till 1712.1719The Daily PostEnglishLondonKingdom of Great Britain constituted in 1719 by Daniel Defoe. It contained news about current events, science, art and all important dates.1719Prask potovsk novinyCzechPragueKingdom of BohemiaIt was a weekly newspaper which is no more.1731Gentlemans MagazineEnglishLondonEnglandLasted till 1922 and was first to use the term magazine.1734Lloyds ListEnglishLondonEnglandIt still publishes news about shipping, marine amends and is the oldest English language daily to be published till date.1735Gazzetta di ParmaItalianParmaDuchy of ParmaStill lendable.1737The Belfast News LetterEnglishBelfastKingdom of IrelandStill available.1738Feuille dAvis de NeuchtelFrenchNeuchatelSwiss ConfederacyThe oldest French Language daily newspaper which is still published.1747The Press and JournalEnglishAberdeenUnited KingdomStill available.1749BerlingskeDanishCopenhagenDenmark Norwayto begin with known as Kjbenhavnske Danske Post-Tidender. Still available.1752Leeuwarder CourantDutchLeeuwardenThe NetherlandsOriginally known as Leeuwarder Saturdagse Courant. Still available.1758Norrkpings TidningarSwedishNorrkpingSwedenOriginally published weekly asNorrkpings Weko-Tidningar. Still available.1761Nassau Saarbrckisches WochenblattGermanSaarbrckenNassausaarbruckenStill available as Sarbrker Zeitung.1767AdresseavisenNorwegianTrondheimDenmark NorwayOriginally namedKongelig allene privilege rede Trondheims Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available1767Finns Leinster JournalEnglishKilkennyKingdom of Ireland1772Fyens StiftstidendeDanishOdenseDenmark NorwayOriginally namedKongelig Privilegerede Odense Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available.1783The HeraldEnglishGlasgowUnited KingdomStill available.1785The TimesEnglishLondonUnited KingdomStill available.1791The observerEnglishLondonUnited KingdomFirst Sunday newspaper of the world. Still available.1794Arhus StiftstidendeDanishDenmark NorwayArhusOriginally named Aarhus Stifts-Tidende.still available1817The ScotsmanEnglishEdinburghUnited KingdomStill available1821The guardianEnglishManchesterUnited KingdomOriginally named The Manchester Guardian. Still available.1824Abo UnderrttelserSwedishAboFinlandStill available.1826Le FigaroFrenchParisFranceStill available.1829Curierul Romnesc RumanianBucharestRomaniaLasted from 1829 to 1859.1829Albina RomneascRomanianLasiRomaniaLasted from 1829 to 1850.1831Takvim-I veka yiTurkishIstanbulOttoman EmpirePublished till 1891.1835O Aoriano OrientalPortuguesePonta Delgada AzoresPortugalStill available.1843News of the WorldEnglishLondonUnited KingdomClosed in 7 July 2011, after the phone hacking scandal.1844Nieuwe Rotterdamsche CourantDutchRotterdamThe NetherlandsMerged with Algemeen Handelsblad in 1970 and still available.1846LIndpendantFrenchPerpignanFranceStill available.1853Faro de VigoSpanishVigoSpainOldest and still available newspaper published in spain.1854Surrey CometEnglishLondonUnited KingdomStill available.1855The Daily TelegraphEnglishLondonUnited KindomStill available.1855A Aurora do LimaPortugueseViana do CasteloPortugalStill available.1859Le ProgrsFrenchLyonFranceStill available.1859La NazioneItalianFlorenceGrand Duchy of TuscanyStill available.1861LOsservatore RomanoItalianVatican CityPapal StatesSemi official newspaper of the Holy See.1863Church TimesEnglishLondonEnglandWeekly newspaper which is still available.1870La Dpche du MidiFrenchT lulouseFranceStill available.1873Richmond and Twickenham TimesEnglishLondonEnglandWeekly London newspaper which is still available.1877Dernires Nouvelles dAlsaceFrenchStrasbourgFranceStill available.1881The Evening NewsEnglishLondonEnglandClosed in 1987.1882El Pireneo AragonsSpanishJacaSpainStill published in the Autonomous community of Aragon.1888Financial TimesEnglishLondonUnited KingdomStill available.1889LEst RpublicainFrenchNancyFranceStill available.1891Gazet van AntwerpenDutchAntwerpFlanders, BelgiumStill available.1891La Nuova SardegnaItalianSassariKindom of ItalyStill available.1893Lidov NovinyCzechBrnoMoravia, Austria HungaryStill published in Prague and known as Lidovky.1893De TelegraafDutchAmsterdamThe NetherlandsStill available and is the largest Newspaper in Holland.1895Heraldo de AragnSpanishZaragozaSpainStill available and known as Heraldo.1896Daily MailEnglishLondonEnglandWas a major trendsetter for English newspaper market by starting the trend for popular mass jo urnalism and is still published.Table 1 List of oldest newspapers in Europe consort to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers.The freedom of the press was very much suppressed during those times and controlled by the authorities therefore very less news about the country was being printed at those times. The newspapers were not allowed to discuss any local or national issues or events. The first breakthrough in news writing came during the English Civil War after the parliament under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell struggled with King Charles I, and journalist felt free to discuss about it. The first English newspaper to talk about national issue was the sedate little weekly entitles which talked about the proceedings in the parliament in 1641.The struggle of freedom of press was initiated by John Milton in His Areopagitica in England 1644. They were free from government control and experienced free press. According to the historian Joseph Frank, newspapers in En gland were the first to use Headlines, print advertisement, employ women, newsboy to sell newspapers and proper journalist in the world in 1640s. Newspaper started reporting newsworthy national stories by 1649 with a story This day the King was beheaded, over against the Banquetting house by White Hall.Cormwell gained more power after the beheading of Charles I and whacky down the press allowing only few newspapers to be printed. However the Glorious Revolution in 1688 again free the press freedom and the Licensing Act move in 1695 allowing press to criticize the government and write what they pleased.Newspapers started taking new turns by becoming more commercial with more advertisement along with printing price listings and market reports. In 1650 the worlds oldest surviving printed daily newspaper Einkommende Zeitung was established in Leipzig in 1650. Daily Courant became the first daily newspaper in the world which appeared in London in 1702. In the early eighteenth century, according to journalism historian Stanley Morison, the newspaper gained a hold on Londons commercial classes which it neer lost. At that time, too, great essayists like Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift began publishing newspapers filled with their social and political commentaries in London.Breakthrough in English newspaper came when journalist were allowed so sit in the gallery in parliament, however they could not take any notes. In 1783 journalist were allowed to take notes after William Woodfall, editor of morning Chronicles institutionalise his reports to write the parliament proceedings. Similarly reports about the French Revolution were heavily written all over Europe which led to many other revolutions notably the American Revolution in late 1700s.The early 19th century there was many newspapers being published in Europe specially after the Industrial Revolution. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled ne wspapers to Become and even more widely circulated means of communication. By 1814, the Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.ConclusionIn this way the development of newspapers in Europe has impacted the way of newspaper writing and printing all over the world. The rich history of newspaper in Europe and its domination around the world at that period has left a bent of impact and impression on other newspaper around the world. According to WAN-IFRA Currently there are more than 15 thousand newspaper titles in the world. Newspaper is a part of eve

Friendship, Life, and Nature: Of Mice and Men Essay -- literary Analys

John Steinbeck is an author that creates an illusion of life in animalistic terms. Throughout the course of the novella, animal characteristics are given to the character Lennie. The author compares the character to an animal along with explaining the physicality and interactive movement of the character. These are do acceptable and indeed moving because of the genuine sweetness on feels in Steinbecks nature and because he sees these human organisms as being at least as dignified as animals (Allen 325). Human beings have intelligences and behaviors that are similar to animals. Steinbecks personal interest of humans portray under the living qualities of animals. Lennie dabble his big paw in the water (Steinbeck 3). Steinbeck compares Lennie to a large animal in physical terms. Lennies hand represents the paw of the large animal. Overall, Steinbecks manner of writing illustrates the lives of two men during the bully Depression and the strong connection of friendship they share thr ough a struggle of life and the nature of being human.Protection of a friend depicts the American theme of two male counterparts. George watches over Lennie in protection of his safety and innocence. Taking the role of caring for Lennie subsequently his Aunt Clara, George has to lead both himself and Lennie to their future destination. Hide till I come for you. Dont let nobody see you. Hide in the brush by the river (Steinbeck 30). Consequently, George needs to monitor Lennie and keep him safe from peril. The George words reflect his feelings of dominance and protection over Lennie. George also protects Lennie from losing opportunities in the work force. thusly why dont you let him answer? What you trying to put over? (Steinbeck 22). George will a... ...he bond between George and Lennie, which goes back many years, is different (Themes and social organisation Of Mice and Men. Exploring Novels. Detroit Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center- Gold. Web. 26 Apr. 2010). Loneliness, cl ass conflicts and Lennies mental disability describes the obstacles one may come across in life. Moreover, the nature of human instinct and behavior creates the backbone of the Steinbecks form of writing. The novel is replete with references to traps and entrapment, and the frequent use of animal imagery serves as a point of comparison for sympathy the emotional states of human characters within the work (Beachman 3024). Survival of the fittest is influenced by both animal and human. John Steinbeck displays the role of a mans life during the Great Depression and how extraordinary traits can lead to adverse event of what is to come.

Averting Arguments: Nagarjuna’s Verse 29 Essay -- Nagarjuna Verse 29 E

Averting Arguments Nagarjunas Verse 29ABSTRACT I examine Nagarjunas forbid an opponents argument (Verse 29 of Averting the Arguments), capital of Minnesota Sagals general rendition of Nagarjuna and especi solelyy Sagals conception of averting an argument. Following Matilal, a distinction is worn-out between locutionary negation and illocationary negation in order to avoid errant interpretations of verse 29 (If I would make any proposition whatever, then by that I would confound a uniform error. But I do not make a proposition therefore, I am not in error.) The argument is handle as representing an ampliative or inductive inference rather than a deductive one. As Nagarjuna says in verse 30 That denial of mine in verse 29 is a non-apprehension of non-things and non-apprehension is the averting of arguments or the turn over of all views. Not making a proposition P would be not speaking P or silence with witness to P (where P is some opposing view) and, as Sagal argues, not meanin g a global linguistic silence (where P stands for any proposition whatsoever). such(prenominal) an interpretation would cut to attributing wholesale irrationalism to Nagarjuna-something I wish to avoid. In this paper I examine Nagarjuna averting an argument of an opponent (Verse 29 of Averting the Arguments), Paul Sagals general interpretation of Nagarjuna, (1) and the formers conception of averting an argument. Since I focus my discussion around verse 29, we shall begin with it, then possible interpretations of it, and finally move to considerations of how to beat characterize Nagarjunas situation (for lack of a better word) given that verse.Verse 29If I would make any proposition whatever P, then by that I would exhaust a logical error E... ...ent way (83).(5) See The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way Nagarjunas Mulamadhyamkakarika, translation and commentary by Jay L. Garfield (New York Oxford University Press, 1995).(6) Consult, e.g., J. N. Mohanty, Indian Theories of Tr uth Thoughts on Their Common Framework, Philosophy East and West, vol. 30, no. 4 (October, 1980) 439-451, esp. 441.(7) Garfield (note 5), 352 Verse 30. I prostrate to Gautama/Who through compassion/Taught the true doctrine,/Which leads to the relinquishing of all views.(8) Reprinted in taking into custody Non-Western Philosophy, 180-181 and World Philosophy, 107-110.(9) David Michael Levin has an interesting, recent interpretation along these lines see his Liberating Experience from the Vice of Structuralism The Methods of Merleau-Ponty and Nagarjuna, Philosophy Today, vol. 41, no. 1 (Spring 1997) 96-111. Averting Arguments Nagarjunas Verse 29 Essay -- Nagarjuna Verse 29 EAverting Arguments Nagarjunas Verse 29ABSTRACT I examine Nagarjunas averting an opponents argument (Verse 29 of Averting the Arguments), Paul Sagals general interpretation of Nagarjuna and especially Sagals conception of averting an argument. Following Matilal, a distinction is drawn between locuti onary negation and illocationary negation in order to avoid errant interpretations of verse 29 (If I would make any proposition whatever, then by that I would have a logical error. But I do not make a proposition therefore, I am not in error.) The argument is treated as representing an ampliative or inductive inference rather than a deductive one. As Nagarjuna says in verse 30 That denial of mine in verse 29 is a non-apprehension of non-things and non-apprehension is the averting of arguments or the relinquishing of all views. Not making a proposition P would be not speaking P or silence with regard to P (where P is some opposing view) and, as Sagal argues, not meaning a global linguistic silence (where P stands for any proposition whatsoever). Such an interpretation would lead to attributing wholesale irrationalism to Nagarjuna-something I wish to avoid. In this paper I examine Nagarjuna averting an argument of an opponent (Verse 29 of Averting the Arguments), Paul Sagals general i nterpretation of Nagarjuna, (1) and the formers conception of averting an argument. Since I focus my discussion around verse 29, we shall begin with it, then possible interpretations of it, and finally move to considerations of how to best characterize Nagarjunas stance (for lack of a better word) given that verse.Verse 29If I would make any proposition whatever P, then by that I would have a logical error E... ...ent way (83).(5) See The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way Nagarjunas Mulamadhyamkakarika, translation and commentary by Jay L. Garfield (New York Oxford University Press, 1995).(6) Consult, e.g., J. N. Mohanty, Indian Theories of Truth Thoughts on Their Common Framework, Philosophy East and West, vol. 30, no. 4 (October, 1980) 439-451, esp. 441.(7) Garfield (note 5), 352 Verse 30. I prostrate to Gautama/Who through compassion/Taught the true doctrine,/Which leads to the relinquishing of all views.(8) Reprinted in Understanding Non-Western Philosophy, 180-181 and World Philosophy, 107-110.(9) David Michael Levin has an interesting, recent interpretation along these lines see his Liberating Experience from the Vice of Structuralism The Methods of Merleau-Ponty and Nagarjuna, Philosophy Today, vol. 41, no. 1 (Spring 1997) 96-111.