The History of Newspapers

The Hi romance of countersignworthiness report card publishersIntroductionAny kinds of news program about something new or current affairs which appears frequently and is a character of publication can be considered as a theme. According to American author Mark Twain If you dont read the publisher, youre uninformed. If you read the newspaper, youre mis-informed. Newspaper consists of many distinct contents such as news, articles, features, advertisement and many more which is affected in relatively cheap newsprint. Newspaper publishes news periodic or every week of beingness(a) interest to large portions of public in a specific geographic area. According to American Novelist Norman Mailer Once a newspaper touches a story the facts are lost forever, even the protagonists.A newspaper contains news and articles that touches personalities, dividing line and finance, crime, severe weather, natural disasters, health and medicine, science and technology, sports, entertainment, fashion and arts divided and promulgated in different sections closely related to proximity factor or general interest of the people. Even though the Newspaper is based on facts and news, personal opinions are adjusted through editorials and op-eds.The newspaper includes photographs shot by the photographers along with stories and articles along with graphic artists, data, chats and diagrams. All the reports or stories have headlines and photographs with caption is edited to be fixed somewhere in the papers layout later on being checked by the editors usually supervised by an editor-in-chief or an executive editor. The newspaper business is kept alive by general circulation or through advertisement they carry. It is important for newspaper to provide citizens with information on regimen and politics.History of Newspaper in European contextThe history of newspaper in Europe can be traced back to 59 B.C. to A.D. 222 in Rome when writing and edition gained reliability. The Roman p udding stone published Acta Diurna (Daily Acts), a daily handwritten news sheets which were carved in mental or stone and posted by the government in Roman forum. The acta contained news of Political happenings, trials, scandals, military campaigns and executions. These were printed with the regulate of Julius Caesar, a Roman general and author of Latin writing style.The produce press came into lite to propagate news in Europe soon after the invention of garner press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1450s which was the initiation of movable type of feeling press. In 1470, one of the graduation exercise printed works which can be considered as news was an Italian account of a tournament. Christopher Columbus had written a letter reporting his discoveries which was set in type and was circulated all over Barcelona before he got there in 1493. There were thousands of printed newsbooks, short pamphlets reporting on a news event, and news ballads, details of current events written in ver se and generally printed on one side of a single sheet of paper which were circulated all over Europe and its colonies specially America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The newsbooks and news ballads was eligible enough to be called a newspaper since they appeared solitary(prenominal) once, to report only one story and had no identity separate from the scrupulous news report they told.There is no doubt that the concept of contemporary newspaper was invented in Europe. The oldest form of modern newspaper is said to be start published as a handwritten news sheets that circulated extensively in Venice, Italy in the sixteenth century. Notizie scritte (written notices) were published by the government of Venice in 1556 which led to the trademark of modern newspaper. Venice was the center of trade in Europe therefore hub for information. The Venetian news sheets also known as avisi or gazettes which was handwritten had information and news regarding politics, wars and econo my of Italy and Europe during early modern era (1500 1800). The newspaper traveled all along Europe till capital of the United Kingdom and was distributed weekly during 1566 A.D. They techniques and style they applied for this paper were short sets of news items, adforefrontced from a particular city, printed down the stairs the name of that city along with the date on which they were sent. These techniques would be used in most early printed newspapers and this idea of handwritten newsbooks travelled all the authority to Germany and Holland.According to knowledge domain association of newspapers, the oldest surviving European printed newspaper were published weekly in German language in Germany, the start-off being apprisal aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdign Historien printed in 1605 A.D. in Strasbourg by Johann Carlous followed Avisa Relation oder Zeitun printed by Lucas Schlute in 1609 in Wolfenbttel. The names of the cities were not included in the papers in order to evade government prosecutions.It did not take much time for the printed newspaper to spread through Europe rapidly starting from printed weeklies which appeared in Basel in 1610, followed by capital of Kentucky and capital of Austria in 1615 and finally in Berlin by 1617. All the weeklies were in German language and no specific names have been discovered. In 1618 the first Dutch newspaper weekly was introduced in Amsterdam called Courante uyt Italien, Buytslandt, c. which can be considered as the first broadsheet paper because it was issued in folio sizing rather than previously printed pamphlets in quarto size.The very first newspaper printed in England came in 1621 when an face formal complained about the lack of means of conversation in England. The French started stamp newspaper of its own in May 30, 1631 called La publish in Paris. The Italians introduced their first printed weekly in 1639 followed by Spanish Catalan language newspaper Gazeta in 1641.The first side of meat La nguage newspaper was printed in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler for the publisher Pieter van den Keere in 1620. The first incline newspaper does not begin with a title because in those early days papers often did not have invariable names. The first English newspaper is well illustrated by the following item Out of Ceulen (cologne), the 24 of November. Letters of Neurenburge of the 20 of this present, make mention, that they had advise from the Borders of Bohemis, that there had been a very great Battle by Prague. The news was translated in English, printed and shipped to capital of the United Kingdom.Many early newspapers did not have many stories to be printed and scrambled to find new news to fill their paper every week, especially in England, the news were published late. The readers expectation of weekly newes was not fulfilled during those time. This led to more working hours to call for news to fill the weekly news and this pace of gathering news lead to adapt itself to the sc hedule of daily newspapers later on.The first actually printed newspaper in England was Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Gerany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the low Countreys in September 24, 1621. The publisher known by only initials N.B. whose credits are given either to Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas bourn which were both Englands first newspaper journalist. The second newspaper in France Gazette de France was also published in 1631 by Theophraste Renaudot which survived till the French Revolution in 1789.There were basically two formats in which the newspaper were published in early days one was the Dutch paper style known as corantos, in which the reports were packed densely in only two or four pages and the other style was the German weeklies, generally a pamphlets with eight to cardinal four pages. The Dutch style of paper eventually turned into German style in 1622.The news were printed directly in print shop as soon as it was received, such as the thirty years war raging on the continent at that time appeared under the name of Vienna, Frankfort or Prague or any other cities where a letter or newspaper found its way to a printing shop. The same news printed in some date in a certain city was printed in different date in some other city. In capital of the United Kingdom the swear out of editing story to make it easier for the reader started by editor Thomas Gainsford, who started working in series of early English newspaper in 1622.The Oxford Gazette which was established in 7 November 1665 and that contained official journals of record of the British government is the oldest surviving English newspaper in the world today. The Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper in the England and the world. It was first published in 11 March 1702 and was produced by Elizabeth Mallet and contained a single page with advertisements on the reverser side.YearNewspaperLanguageCityCountryReference1605Relation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdign HistorienG ermanStrasbourgHoly Roman EmpireFirst newspaper of the world1609Avisa Relation oder ZeitungGermanWolfenbttelHoly Roman Empire1610GermanBaselSwiss Confederacy1615GermanFrankfurtHoly Roman Empire1617GermanBerlinHoly Roman Empire1618Courante uyt Italien Duytslandt, c.DutchAmsterdamDutch RepublicIt is the worlds first broadsheet. out of use in 16641620Nieuwe TijdinghenDutchAntwerpSpanish NetherlandsPublished in 1605 16291631La GazetteFrenchParisFranceFirst newspaper in French language and first weekly magazine established between May 30, 1631 September 30, 19151641GazetaCatalanBarcelonaSpainThe first Catalan Language newspaper. Only two issues were published1645Ordinari Post TijdenderSwedishStockholmSwedenOldest and still published newspaper in the world. Went online in 20071656Weeckelycke Courante van EuropaDutchHaarlemDutch RepublicIn 1664 the name was changed to Oprechte haerlemsche Courant. The newspaper merged with the Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 and still exists.1661La GazetaSpanis hMadrid demesne of SpainExisted till 2008 as Boletin official del Estado and went completely online from 2009.1661Merkuriusz Polski OrdynaryjnyPolishKrakowPolish-Lithuanian CommonwealthLasted till 22 July 1661 in Warsaw.1664Gazzetta di MantovaItalianMantuaDuchy of Mantua, Holy Roman Empire button up the oldest privet and continuously published print in the world.1665Oxford GazetteEnglishOxfordEnglandIt was renamed as London Gazette and moved to London in 1666.1702Daily CourantEnglishLondonEnglandIt was the worlds first daily Newspaper. corporate with the Daily Gazetteer in 1735.1702VedomostiRussianMoscowRussiaRenamed as Sankt Petersburgskie in 1728, and again renamed as Petrogradskie Vedomosti in 1914. Last issue in 1917.1703Wiener ZeitungGermanViennaAustria take over in publication.1704The ReviewEnglishLondonEnglandFounded by Daniel Defoe as a Review of the Affairs of France until 1713.1705Hildesheimer Relations CourierGermanHildesheimGermanyStill in publication with name Hildes heimer Allgemeine Zeitung.1705Mercurius HungaricusHungarianHungaryHungaryWas printed in Latin and lasted till 1710.1709The TatlerEnglishLondonKingdom of Great BritainFounder was Richarded Steele and existed till 1711.1709The Worcester Post ManEnglishWorcesterKingdom of Great BritainRenamed as Berrows Worcester journal since 1753. Last publication was in 1690.1710The ExaminerEnglishLondonKingdom of Great BritainJonathan swift had the most ploughshare and lasted till 1714.1711The SpectatorEnglishLondonKingdom of Great BritainFounded by Joseph Addison and lasted till 1712.1719The Daily PostEnglishLondonKingdom of Great Britain constituted in 1719 by Daniel Defoe. It contained news about current events, science, art and all important dates.1719Prask potovsk novinyCzechPragueKingdom of BohemiaIt was a weekly newspaper which is no more.1731Gentlemans MagazineEnglishLondonEnglandLasted till 1922 and was first to use the term magazine.1734Lloyds ListEnglishLondonEnglandIt still publishes news about shipping, marine amends and is the oldest English language daily to be published till date.1735Gazzetta di ParmaItalianParmaDuchy of ParmaStill lendable.1737The Belfast News LetterEnglishBelfastKingdom of IrelandStill available.1738Feuille dAvis de NeuchtelFrenchNeuchatelSwiss ConfederacyThe oldest French Language daily newspaper which is still published.1747The Press and JournalEnglishAberdeenUnited KingdomStill available.1749BerlingskeDanishCopenhagenDenmark Norwayto begin with known as Kjbenhavnske Danske Post-Tidender. Still available.1752Leeuwarder CourantDutchLeeuwardenThe NetherlandsOriginally known as Leeuwarder Saturdagse Courant. Still available.1758Norrkpings TidningarSwedishNorrkpingSwedenOriginally published weekly asNorrkpings Weko-Tidningar. Still available.1761Nassau Saarbrckisches WochenblattGermanSaarbrckenNassausaarbruckenStill available as Sarbrker Zeitung.1767AdresseavisenNorwegianTrondheimDenmark NorwayOriginally namedKongelig allene privilege rede Trondheims Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available1767Finns Leinster JournalEnglishKilkennyKingdom of Ireland1772Fyens StiftstidendeDanishOdenseDenmark NorwayOriginally namedKongelig Privilegerede Odense Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available.1783The HeraldEnglishGlasgowUnited KingdomStill available.1785The TimesEnglishLondonUnited KingdomStill available.1791The observerEnglishLondonUnited KingdomFirst Sunday newspaper of the world. Still available.1794Arhus StiftstidendeDanishDenmark NorwayArhusOriginally named Aarhus Stifts-Tidende.still available1817The ScotsmanEnglishEdinburghUnited KingdomStill available1821The guardianEnglishManchesterUnited KingdomOriginally named The Manchester Guardian. Still available.1824Abo UnderrttelserSwedishAboFinlandStill available.1826Le FigaroFrenchParisFranceStill available.1829Curierul Romnesc RumanianBucharestRomaniaLasted from 1829 to 1859.1829Albina RomneascRomanianLasiRomaniaLasted from 1829 to 1850.1831Takvim-I veka yiTurkishIstanbulOttoman EmpirePublished till 1891.1835O Aoriano OrientalPortuguesePonta Delgada AzoresPortugalStill available.1843News of the WorldEnglishLondonUnited KingdomClosed in 7 July 2011, after the phone hacking scandal.1844Nieuwe Rotterdamsche CourantDutchRotterdamThe NetherlandsMerged with Algemeen Handelsblad in 1970 and still available.1846LIndpendantFrenchPerpignanFranceStill available.1853Faro de VigoSpanishVigoSpainOldest and still available newspaper published in spain.1854Surrey CometEnglishLondonUnited KingdomStill available.1855The Daily TelegraphEnglishLondonUnited KindomStill available.1855A Aurora do LimaPortugueseViana do CasteloPortugalStill available.1859Le ProgrsFrenchLyonFranceStill available.1859La NazioneItalianFlorenceGrand Duchy of TuscanyStill available.1861LOsservatore RomanoItalianVatican CityPapal StatesSemi official newspaper of the Holy See.1863Church TimesEnglishLondonEnglandWeekly newspaper which is still available.1870La Dpche du MidiFrenchT lulouseFranceStill available.1873Richmond and Twickenham TimesEnglishLondonEnglandWeekly London newspaper which is still available.1877Dernires Nouvelles dAlsaceFrenchStrasbourgFranceStill available.1881The Evening NewsEnglishLondonEnglandClosed in 1987.1882El Pireneo AragonsSpanishJacaSpainStill published in the Autonomous community of Aragon.1888Financial TimesEnglishLondonUnited KingdomStill available.1889LEst RpublicainFrenchNancyFranceStill available.1891Gazet van AntwerpenDutchAntwerpFlanders, BelgiumStill available.1891La Nuova SardegnaItalianSassariKindom of ItalyStill available.1893Lidov NovinyCzechBrnoMoravia, Austria HungaryStill published in Prague and known as Lidovky.1893De TelegraafDutchAmsterdamThe NetherlandsStill available and is the largest Newspaper in Holland.1895Heraldo de AragnSpanishZaragozaSpainStill available and known as Heraldo.1896Daily MailEnglishLondonEnglandWas a major trendsetter for English newspaper market by starting the trend for popular mass jo urnalism and is still published.Table 1 List of oldest newspapers in Europe consort to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers.The freedom of the press was very much suppressed during those times and controlled by the authorities therefore very less news about the country was being printed at those times. The newspapers were not allowed to discuss any local or national issues or events. The first breakthrough in news writing came during the English Civil War after the parliament under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell struggled with King Charles I, and journalist felt free to discuss about it. The first English newspaper to talk about national issue was the sedate little weekly entitles which talked about the proceedings in the parliament in 1641.The struggle of freedom of press was initiated by John Milton in His Areopagitica in England 1644. They were free from government control and experienced free press. According to the historian Joseph Frank, newspapers in En gland were the first to use Headlines, print advertisement, employ women, newsboy to sell newspapers and proper journalist in the world in 1640s. Newspaper started reporting newsworthy national stories by 1649 with a story This day the King was beheaded, over against the Banquetting house by White Hall.Cormwell gained more power after the beheading of Charles I and whacky down the press allowing only few newspapers to be printed. However the Glorious Revolution in 1688 again free the press freedom and the Licensing Act move in 1695 allowing press to criticize the government and write what they pleased.Newspapers started taking new turns by becoming more commercial with more advertisement along with printing price listings and market reports. In 1650 the worlds oldest surviving printed daily newspaper Einkommende Zeitung was established in Leipzig in 1650. Daily Courant became the first daily newspaper in the world which appeared in London in 1702. In the early eighteenth century, according to journalism historian Stanley Morison, the newspaper gained a hold on Londons commercial classes which it neer lost. At that time, too, great essayists like Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift began publishing newspapers filled with their social and political commentaries in London.Breakthrough in English newspaper came when journalist were allowed so sit in the gallery in parliament, however they could not take any notes. In 1783 journalist were allowed to take notes after William Woodfall, editor of morning Chronicles institutionalise his reports to write the parliament proceedings. Similarly reports about the French Revolution were heavily written all over Europe which led to many other revolutions notably the American Revolution in late 1700s.The early 19th century there was many newspapers being published in Europe specially after the Industrial Revolution. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled ne wspapers to Become and even more widely circulated means of communication. By 1814, the Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.ConclusionIn this way the development of newspapers in Europe has impacted the way of newspaper writing and printing all over the world. The rich history of newspaper in Europe and its domination around the world at that period has left a bent of impact and impression on other newspaper around the world. According to WAN-IFRA Currently there are more than 15 thousand newspaper titles in the world. Newspaper is a part of eve